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Focusing on radar-based surveillance, this book has been written to provide a comprehensive introduction to the science, sensors and systems that form modern aviation weather surveillance systems.
In the interest of aviation safety, NASA and the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) are jointly conducting research to determine the applicability of airborne, coherent Doppler radar techniques to detect early microburst in wind shear conditions during aircraft takeoff and landing. If early detection of these severe wind shear conditions can be demonstrated, avoidance maneuvers can be exercised and significantly reduce the probability of aircraft disaster. Researchers have developed a computer model of the radar which predicts its response when viewing a simulated microburst against the simulated clutter background of an airport, the so-called radar-microburst-ground clutter model. Studies employing this model revealed that Doppler radar can accurately detect microburst ahead of the aircraft in time for pilot evasive response, but flight experiments will be required for complete performance evaluation of the system.
Lists citations with abstracts for aerospace related reports obtained from world wide sources and announces documents that have recently been entered into the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Database.
An operational test of a Wind Shear Processor (WSP) add-on to the Federal Aviation Administration's airport surveillance radar (ASR-9) took place at Orlando International Airport during July and August 1991. The test allowed for both quantitative assessment of the WSP's signal processing and wind shear detection algorithms and for feedback from air traffic controllers and their supervisors on the strengths and weaknesses of the system. Thunderstorm activity during the test period was intense; low-altitude wind shear impacted the runways or approach/departure corridors on 40 of the 53 test days. As in previous evaluations of the WSP in the southeastern United States, microburst detection performance was very reliable. Over 95% of the strong microbursts that affected the Orlando airport during the test period were detected by the system. Gust front detection during the test, while operationally useful, was not as reliable as it should have been, given the quality of gust front signatures in the base reflectivity and radial velocity data from the WSP. Subsequent development of a Machine Intelligent gust front algorithm has resulted in significantly improved detection capability. Results from the operational test are being utilized in ongoing refinement of the WSP.
Microbursts are small downbursts, less than 4km in outflow size, with peak winds lasting only 2 to 5 minutes. They can be classified as either midair or surface microbursts and also either wet or dry microbursts. All microbursts are characterized by a vertical downrush of air with a divergent outflow at its base. The parent clouds associated with microbursts are: Cumulonimbus; Towering Cumulus; and Anvil Cirrus. Most origin theories credit thermodynamic factors with microburst creation. Wolfson (1983) contends that microbursts result from dynamically induced vertical pressure gradients that are intrinsic characteristics of strong mesocyclone circulation. Doppler radar is the primary tool for detecting and observing microbursts. Wind field mapping is accomplished by either a single, dual or triple radar configuration. Single radar analysis methods require the most external assumptions but are the least expensive. Multiple radar techniques provide more accuracy but are more costly. Wilson and Roberts (1983) propose a number of alternatives for realtime operational detection of microbursts in an airport environment. Of these alternatives they chose a single radar, on airport configuration as the optimum choice when considering economic feasibility as well as technical performance. (Author).
Advanced Array Systems, Applications and RF Technologies adopts a holistic view of arrays used in radar, electronic warfare, communications, remote sensing and radioastronomy. Radio frequency (RF) and intermediate frequency (IF) signal processing is assuming a fundamental importance, owing to its increasing ability to multiply a system's capabilities in a cost-effective manner. This book comprehensively covers the important front-end RF subsystems of active phased arrays, so offering array designers new and exciting opportunities in signal processing. Provides an up to date record of existing systems from different applications Explores array systems under development Bridges the gap between textbook coverage of idealized phased arrays and practical knowledge of working phased arrays Recognises the significance of cost to the realization of phased arrays Discusses future advances in the field that promise to deliver even more affordable arrays ['intelligent' or self-focussing/-cohering arrays]