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The papers included in this issue of ECS Transactions were originally presented in the symposium ¿Design of Electrode Structures¿, held during the 211th meeting of The Electrochemical Society, in Chicago, IL, from May 6 to 11, 2007.
This book describes, for the first time in a modern text, the fundamental principles on which solid state electrochemistry is based. In this sense it is in contrast to other books in the field which concentrate on a description of materials. Topics include solid (ceramic) electrolytes, glasses, polymer electrolytes, intercalation electrodes, interfaces and applications. The different nature of ionic conductivity in ceramic, glassy and polymer electrolytes is described as are the thermodynamics and kinetics of intercalation reactions. The interface between solid electrolytes and electrodes is discussed and contrasted with the more conventional liquid state electrochemistry. The text provides an essential foundation of understanding for postgraduates or others entering the field for the first time and will also be of value in advanced undergraduate courses.
Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have revolutionized many facets of our everyday life, enabling devices such as cell phones, laptops, and, most recently, electric vehicles to become everyday commodities for consumers. However, as the demands of consumers and the energy requirements of these devices continue to grow, so must the storage capabilities of LIBs. Unfortunately, the chemistry and design space of these devices has remained stagnant over the technology’s lifespan. Several energy-dense density chemistries, such as lithium metal, silicon, and tin, are highly regarded for their lithium storage capabilities,. Yet, the non-advantageous side effects of their lithiation/delithiation (dendrite formation, particle fracturing, excessive SEI growth, etc.) have prevented the practical implementation of these materials. As such, an investigation was conducted to determine how structural engineering can be used to help enable next-generation chemistries and electrode designs for higher energy-density LIBs. Lithium metal touts any anode's highest theoretical capacity and power density; however, the safety risks from dendrite formation, such as electrical short-circuiting and explosions, prevent its utilization. Employing a systematic approach to the characterization of the solid electrode interphase (SEI) displays how electrolyte composition influences the chemical makeup of the SEI and its resulting properties. These results demonstrate how the subsequent modulation of the SEI structure and composition can influence the electrochemical performance and lithium deposition morphology. Similarly, the purposeful design of alloying anode materials, like tin and lead, and their host structures can tune their performance and electrochemistry. Typically, the large mechanical stress from the volumetric expansion during lithiation causes severe capacity fade in these materials; however, implementing a carbonaceous scaffold can drastically increase the stability of these materials. In addition to examining new active materials, the structural engineering of the overall electrode is explored. Metal foil current collectors comprise approximately 15% of the total cell weight in traditional batteries. Implementing a templated slurry casting process using camphene enables the formation of free-standing electrodes with enhanced flexibility and rate capabilities. Compared to classical electrode designs, an increase of 25% in energy density can be achieved by eliminating the gravimetrically dense current collector and increasing lithiation site accessibility
The electrochemical energy storage is a means to conserve electrical energy in chemical form. This form of storage benefits from the fact that these two energies share the same vector, the electron. This advantage allows us to limit the losses related to the conversion of energy from one form to another. The RS2E focuses its research on rechargeable electrochemical devices (or electrochemical storage) batteries and supercapacitors. The materials used in the electrodes are key components of lithium-ion batteries. Their nature depend battery performance in terms of mass and volume capacity, energy density, power, durability, safety, etc. This book deals with current and future positive and negative electrode materials covering aspects related to research new and better materials for future applications (related to renewable energy storage and transportation in particular), bringing light on the mechanisms of operation, aging and failure.
The advancement of battery technology not only enables the creation of lighter and more durable electronic devices and long-range, long-life electric vehicles but also enhances the efficiency of sustainable clean energy storage, thereby mitigating the climate crisis of global warming. In 2019, lithium-ion batteries (LIB) technology was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, recognizing its significant improvement in our lives, and bringing us a rechargeable green world. The overarching research theme in this dissertation is the development of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage devices that provide high-capacity and can be fast-charged. This development requires the exploration of innovative fast-charging battery electrodes, which are the critical component that enables the battery to supply power rapidly. The bronze phase materials investigated in this dissertation meet this criterion as they contain large lithium-ion diffusion channels which enable fast-charging anode materials for LIBs. Comparative electrochemical studies conducted for bronze phase materials with the same stoichiometry, but different compositions (Mo3Nb2O14 vs W3Nb2O14), offer valuable insights into the design of next-generation, fast-charging materials for LIBs. A second material system, Mo4O11, also possesses properties appropriate for a fast-charging anode material for LIBs. Although the original open structure of Mo4O11 was altered during the first lithiation process, the newly formed layer-like structure was able to achieve both high capacity and fast-charging capability. These studies show that designing materials with rapid ion diffusion pathways and selecting transition metals with multielectron redox capability offer a promising way for simultaneously achieving both high energy and power density in next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices. Another important consideration which plays a vital role in obtaining high-performance batteries is the structure of the electrode. With the increase of mass loading or thickness of tape-cast electrodes, the energy density of batteries is enhanced due to the incorporation of more active materials. However, above a certain thickness, the increasing tortuosity of both ion and electron transport in traditional tape-cast electrodes compromises the power and offsets the benefits of increasing the amount of active material. Leveraging 3D printing technology, it is possible to design intricate 3D electrode structures that establish macroscopic ion-diffusion pathways, thereby breaking the limits achieved with thick tape-cast electrodes. The approach taken in this dissertation is based on obtaining ultra-high mass loading of manganese dioxide (MnO2) on 3D-printed graphene aerogel (3D MnO2/GA) electrodes. For these studies, sodium-ion batteries (SIB) were investigated as the combination of earth-abundant, high mass loading of MnO2 and sodium-ion battery technology creates a cost-effective solution for fulfilling the increasing demands of grid-level energy storage. An ether-based electrolyte was shown to improve the cycling stability of MnO2 compared to several other non-aqueous electrolytes. The feasibility of this approach to obtain both excellent areal energy and power density was demonstrated using a high mass loading TiO2-MnO2 sodium ion battery. The results of this research not only underscore the significance of using 3D-printed electrodes to achieve high energy and fast-charging next-generation electrochemical energy storage devices, but also the use of 3D-printed electrodes to achieve the high mass loading desired for reducing the manufacturing costs for batteries. A related research topic on the properties of pseudocapacitive vanadium dioxide (VO2) with 3D printed graphene aerogel scaffold was designed to evaluate the scalability of 3D electrode structures. The areal capacity of 3D VO2/GA was found to scale with the increase of both mass loading and electrode thickness with only minor sacrifice of gravimetric capacity. The device level scalability of 3D electrodes and the feasibility of using thick 3D electrodes in a commercial electrochemical energy storage device was demonstrated using a pseudo-solid silica-based ionogel material. The resulting sodium metal battery demonstrated scalable areal energy density using a coin cell. The results of this dissertation, which include both the design of advanced electrode materials and development of 3D electrodes, provide a basis for the development of the next generation of electrochemical energy storage devices that exhibit high-capacity and fast-charging.
The present work aims to improve auto-motive level Lithium-ion battery performance and explore pilot battery design and fabrication. A brief survey about configuration and operation condition used in industry work and lab scale research is given to motivate our efforts to establish knowledge of intrinsic material property in an extended range and correlate it to macro level performance. Electrolyte ionic conductivity with extended salt concentrations under different temperatures are studied. The conductivity change trend is explained by 3 factors: the number of free ions, the viscosity of electrolyte and the dielectric constant. Later, solid diffusion coefficient measurement is studied with LS-GITT method. Without inputting phase change features, the method successfully extracts apparent solid diffusion coefficient at a reasonable magnitude level. Quantified accuracy is also given by root mean squares error values. Thus we approve the method is an efficient way deriving diffusion coefficients to reconstruct voltage profiles with good chemistry compatibility. Low temperature 18650 battery cell performance is investigated as our focus shifts to macro level. A comparison between PVDF and SBE/CMC binders shows superior performance of electrodes made with PVDF binder at low temperatures. Finally a pilot design and fabrication is demonstrated to build battery core for multifunctional composite PowerPanel. A 19Ah battery panel is successfully made and retains 79.3% capacity after 90 cycles.
This book collects authoritative perspectives from global experts to project the emerging opportunities in the field of lithium-ion batteries.
PEM Fuel Cell Testing and Diagnosis covers the recent advances in PEM (proton exchange membrane) fuel cell systems, focusing on instruments and techniques for testing and diagnosis, and the application of diagnostic techniques in practical tests and operation. This book is a unique source of electrochemical techniques for researchers, scientists and engineers working in the area of fuel cells. Proton exchange membrane fuel cells are currently considered the most promising clean energy-converting devices for stationary, transportation, and micro-power applications due to their high energy density, high efficiency, and environmental friendliness. To advance research and development of this emerging technology, testing and diagnosis are an essential combined step. This book aids those efforts, addressing effects of humidity, temperature and pressure on fuel cells, degradation and failure analysis, and design and assembly of MEAs, single cells and stacks. Provides fundamental and theoretical principles for PEM fuel cell testing and diagnosis. Comprehensive source for selecting techniques, experimental designs and data analysis Analyzes PEM fuel cell degradation and failure mechanisms, and suggests failure mitigation strategies Provides principles for selecting PEM fuel cell key materials to improve durability
Electrodes for secondary electrochemical cells are provided with compartments for containing particles of the electrode reactant. The compartments are defined by partitions that are generally impenetrable to the particles of reactant and, in some instances, to the liquid electrolyte used in the cell. During cycling of the cell, reactant material initially loaded into a particular compartment is prevented from migrating and concentrating within the lower portion of the electrode or those portions of the electrode that exhibit reduced electrical resistance.