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12. The Production and Transmission of High Purity Gases for the Semiconductor Industry / R. Galbraith -- 13. Materials for Services Pipework / T. Hodgkiess.
A self-contained and practical book providing step-by-step guidance to the design and construction of cleanrooms, appropriate testing methodologies, and operation for the minimization of contamination… This second edition has been comprehensively revised and includes extensive updates to the two chapters that contain information on cleanroom standards and guidelines. The chapter on risk management has been extensively revised, especially the section on risk assessment. Other new subjects that have been added to the various chapters are those on clean-build, determination of air supply volumes for non-unidirectional airflow cleanrooms, RABS (Restricted Access Barrier Systems), contamination recovery test methods, entry of large items into a cleanroom, glove allergy problems, and how to develop a cleanroom cleaning programme. Used for in-house training and a textbook in colleges, this volume is for cleanroom personnel at all levels. It provides novices with an introduction to the state-of-the-art technology and professionals with an accessible reference to the current practices. It is particularly useful in the semiconductor, pharmaceutical, biotechnology and life sciences industries. William Whyte is an international authority in cleanrooms, with over 45 years experience in research, teaching and consulting in the electronic, healthcare and pharmaceutical industries. He is a member of British and International standards committees writing the International Cleanroom standards, and has received numerous awards for his work in Cleanroom Technology. A comment on the first edition: "...extremely useful and helpful...very well-written, highly organized, easy to understand and follow..." (Environmental Geology, 2003)
This practical book provides detailed guidance on all aspects of clean room airflow, the mechanics of airflow, and how microbial contamination is carried. Ljungqvist and Reinmüller draw on years of experience in clean room design and operation. The book contains maps of the effect of human interference on unidirectional airflow and the potential for contamination. Particle challenge test methods and tracer gas detection methods are explained, and the impact and interpretation of the results obtained from these test methods are discussed. Topics include: o Dispersion of Airborne Contaminants o Contamination Risks o Wakes (including factual situations) o Open, Unidirectional Air Flow Benches (laminar flow benches) o Microbiological Assessment o Weighing Stations o Air Flow Through Openings o Mathematical Treatment of Contamination Risks o Simulation of Air Flows & Dispersion of Contaminants through Doorways in a Suite of Clean Rooms o Regulatory Requirements
Fundamentals of Air Cleaning Technology and Its Application in Cleanrooms sets up the theoretical framework for cleanrooms. New ideas and methods are presented, which include the characteristic index of cleanrooms, uniform and non-uniform distribution characteristics, the minimum sampling volume, a new concept of outdoor air conditioning and the fundamentals of leakage-preventing layers. Written by an author who can look back on major scientific achievements and 50 years of experience in this field, this book offers a concise and accessible introduction to the fundamentals of air cleaning technology and its application. The work is intended for researchers, college teachers, graduates, designers, technicians and corporate R&D personnel in the field of HVAC and air cleaning technology. Zhonglin Xu is a senior research fellow at China Academy of Building Research.
This is a report on an experimental cleanroom which eliminates the need for strict personnel control, special clothing, and special operational procedures. Tests to date have shown that cleanliness levels have been achieved which are several orders of magnitude better than cleanrooms of conventional design. General design features, and the results of operational tests, are described.
Contamination control in pharmaceutical clean rooms has developed from a jumble of science and engineering, knowledge of what has worked well or badly in the past, dependent upon the technology available at the time the clean room was built and subsequent technological developments. Surrounding it all is a blanket of regulations. Taking a multidisc