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This book shows that digitally assisted analog to digital converters are not the only way to cope with poor analog performance caused by technology scaling. It describes various analog design techniques that enhance the area and power efficiency without employing any type of digital calibration circuitry. These techniques consist of self-biasing for PVT enhancement, inverter-based design for improved speed/power ratio, gain-of-two obtained by voltage sum instead of charge redistribution, and current-mode reference shifting instead of voltage reference shifting. Together, these techniques allow enhancing the area and power efficiency of the main building blocks of a multiplying digital-to-analog converter (MDAC) based stage, namely, the flash quantizer, the amplifier, and the switched capacitor network of the MDAC. Complementing the theoretical analyses of the various techniques, a power efficient operational transconductance amplifier is implemented and experimentally characterized. Furthermore, a medium-low resolution reference-free high-speed time-interleaved pipeline ADC employing all mentioned design techniques and circuits is presented, implemented and experimentally characterized. This ADC is said to be reference-free because it precludes any reference voltage, therefore saving power and area, as reference circuits are not necessary. Experimental results demonstrate the potential of the techniques which enabled the implementation of area and power efficient circuits.
Many interesting design trends are shown by the six papers on operational amplifiers (Op Amps). Firstly. there is the line of stand-alone Op Amps using a bipolar IC technology which combines high-frequency and high voltage. This line is represented in papers by Bill Gross and Derek Bowers. Bill Gross shows an improved high-frequency compensation technique of a high quality three stage Op Amp. Derek Bowers improves the gain and frequency behaviour of the stages of a two-stage Op Amp. Both papers also present trends in current-mode feedback Op Amps. Low-voltage bipolar Op Amp design is presented by leroen Fonderie. He shows how multipath nested Miller compensation can be applied to turn rail-to-rail input and output stages into high quality low-voltage Op Amps. Two papers on CMOS Op Amps by Michael Steyaert and Klaas Bult show how high speed and high gain VLSI building blocks can be realised. Without departing from a single-stage OT A structure with a folded cascode output, a thorough high frequency design technique and a gain-boosting technique contributed to the high-speed and the high-gain achieved with these Op Amps. . Finally. Rinaldo Castello shows us how to provide output power with CMOS buffer amplifiers. The combination of class A and AB stages in a multipath nested Miller structure provides the required linearity and bandwidth.
This book is a step-by-step tutorial on how to design a low-power, high-resolution (not less than 12 bit), and high-speed (not less than 200 MSps) integrated CMOS analog-to-digital (AD) converter, to respond to the challenge from the rapid growth of IoT. The discussion includes design techniques on both the system level and the circuit block level. In the architecture level, the power-efficient pipelined AD converter, the hybrid AD converter and the time-interleaved AD converter are described. In the circuit block level, the reference voltage buffer, the opamp, the comparator, and the calibration are presented. Readers designing low-power and high-performance AD converters won’t want to miss this invaluable reference. Provides an in-depth introduction to the newest design techniques for the power-efficient, high-resolution (not less than 12 bit), and high-speed (not less than 200 MSps) AD converter; Presents three types of power-efficient architectures of the high-resolution and high-speed AD converter; Discusses the relevant circuit blocks (i.e., the reference voltage buffer, the opamp, and the comparator) in two aspects, relaxing the requirements and improving the performance.
The realization of signal sampling and quantization at high sample rates with low power dissipation is an important goal in many applications, includ ing portable video devices such as camcorders, personal communication devices such as wireless LAN transceivers, in the read channels of magnetic storage devices using digital data detection, and many others. This paper describes architecture and circuit approaches for the design of high-speed, low-power pipeline analog-to-digital converters in CMOS. Here the term high speed is taken to imply sampling rates above 1 Mhz. In the first section the dif ferent conversion techniques applicable in this range of sample rates is dis cussed. Following that the particular problems associated with power minimization in video-rate pipeline ADCs is discussed. These include optimi zation of capacitor sizes, design of low-voltage transmission gates, and opti mization of switched capacitor gain blocks and operational amplifiers for minimum power dissipation. As an example of the application of these tech niques, the design of a power-optimized lO-bit pipeline AID converter (ADC) that achieves =1. 67 mW per MS/s of sampling rate from 1 MS/s to 20 MS/s is described. 2. Techniques for CMOS Video-Rate AID Conversion Analog-to-digital conversion techniques can be categorized in many ways. One convenient means of comparing techniques is to examine the number of "analog clock cycles" required to produce one effective output sample of the signal being quantized.
This excellent reference proposes and develops new strategies, methodologies and tools for designing low-power and low-area CMOS pipelined A/D converters. The task is tackled by following a scientifically-consistent approach. The book may also be used as a text for advanced reading on the subject.
The purpose of this book is to provide a complete working knowledge of the Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) analog and mixed-signal circuit design, which can be applied for System on Chip (SOC) or Application-Specific Standard Product (ASSP) development. It begins with an introduction to the CMOS analog and mixed-signal circuit design with further coverage of basic devices, such as the Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) with both long- and short-channel operations, photo devices, fitting ratio, etc. Seven chapters focus on the CMOS analog and mixed-signal circuit design of amplifiers, low power amplifiers, voltage regulator-reference, data converters, dynamic analog circuits, color and image sensors, and peripheral (oscillators and Input/Output [I/O]) circuits, and Integrated Circuit (IC) layout and packaging. Features: Provides practical knowledge of CMOS analog and mixed-signal circuit design Includes recent research in CMOS color and image sensor technology Discusses sub-blocks of typical analog and mixed-signal IC products Illustrates several design examples of analog circuits together with layout Describes integrating based CMOS color circuit
Today's complex electronic systems with billions of transistors on a single die are enabled by the aggressive scaling down of the device feature size at an exponential rate as predicted by the Moore's law. Digital circuits benefit from technology scaling to become faster, more energy efficient as well as more area efficient as the feature size is scaled down. Moreover, digital design also benefits from mature CAD tools that simplify the design and cross-technology porting of complex systems, leveraging on a cell-based design methodology. On the other hand, the design of analog circuits is getting increasingly difficult as the feature size scales down into the deep nanometer regime due to a variety of reasons like shrinking voltage headroom, reducing intrinsic gain of the devices, increasing noise coupling between circuit nodes due to shorter distances etc. Furthermore, analog circuits are still largely designed with a full custom design ow that makes their design and porting tedious, slow, and expensive. In this context, it is attractive to consider realizing analog/mixed-signal circuits using standard digital components. This leads to scaling-friendly mixed-signal blocks that can be designed and ported using the existing CAD framework available for digital design. The concept is already being applied to mixed-signal components like frequency synthesizers where all-digital architectures are synthesized using standard cells as basic components. This can be extended to other mixed-signal blocks like digital-to-analog and analog to- digital converters as well, where the latter is of particular interest in this thesis. A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is an attractive architecture to achieve all-digital analog-to digital conversion due to favorable properties like shaping of the quantization error, inherent anti-alias filtering etc. Here a VCO operates as a signal integrator as well as a quantizer. A converter employing a ring oscillator as the VCO lends itself to an all-digital implementation. In this dissertation, we explore the design of VCO-based ADCs synthesized using digital standard cells with the long-term goal of achieving high performance data converters built from low accuracy switch components. In a first step, an ADC is designed using vendor supplied standard cells and fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. The converter delivers an 8-bit ENOB over a 25 MHz bandwidth while consuming 3.3 mW of power resulting in an energy efficiency of 235 fJ/step (Walden FoM). Then we utilize standard digital CAD tools to synthesize converter designs that are fully described using a hardware description language. A polynomial-based digital post-processing scheme is proposed to correct for the VCO nonlinearity. In addition, pulse modulation schemes like delta modulation and asynchronous sigma-delta modulation are used as a signal pre-coding scheme, in an attempt to reduce the impact of VCO nonlinearity on converter performance. In order to investigate the scaling benefits of all-digital data conversion, a VCO-based converter is designed in a 28 nm CMOS process. The design delivers a 13.4-bit ENOB over a 5 MHz bandwidth achieving an energy efficiency of 4.3 fJ/step according to post-synthesis schematic simulation, indicating that such converters have the potential of achieving good performance in deeply scaled processes by exploiting scaling benefits. Furthermore, large conversion errors caused by non-ideal sampling of the oscillator phase are studied. An encoding scheme employing ones counters is proposed to code the sampled ring oscillator output into a number, which is resilient to a class of sampling induced errors modeled by temporal reordering of the transitions in the ring. The proposed encoding reduces the largest error caused by random reordering of up to six subsequent bits in the sampled signal from 31 to 2 LSBs. Finally, the impact of process, voltage, and temperature (PVT) variations on the performance while operating the converter from a subthreshold supply is investigated. PVT-adaptive solutions are suggested as a means to achieve energy-efficient operation over a wide range of PVT conditions.
Franco's "Design with Operational Amplifiers and Analog Integrated Circuits, 4e" combines theory with real-life applications to deliver a straightforward look at analog design principles and techniques. An emphasis on the physical picture helps the student develop the intuition and practical insight that are the keys to making sound design decisions.is The book is intended for a design-oriented course in applications with operational amplifiers and analog ICs. It also serves as a comprehensive reference for practicing engineers. This new edition includes enhanced pedagogy (additional problems, more in-depth coverage of negative feedback, more effective layout), updated technology (current-feedback and folded-cascode amplifiers, and low-voltage amplifiers), and increased topical coverage (current-feedback amplifiers, switching regulators and phase-locked loops).
CMOS Current Amplifiers presents design strategies for high performance current amplifiers based on CMOS technology. After an introduction to various architectures of operational amplifiers, the operating principles of the current amplifier are outlined. This book provides the reader with simple and compact design equations for use in a pencil and paper design and the following simulation step. Chapter 1 introduces the general aspects of current amplifiers. After a preliminary classification of operational amplifiers, ideal blocks and models are discussed for different architectures and a first high-level comparison is made between traditional amplifiers and current amplifiers. Analysis and examples of basic circuits, as well as signal processing applications involving current amplifiers, are also given. Non-idealities and second- order effects causing limitations in performance are then discussed and evaluated. Chapter 2 focuses on low-drive current amplifiers. Several design examples for current conveyors and class A current amplifiers are discussed in detail and design equations are presented for the main performance parameters, which allows a good trade-off between requirements. High-performance solutions for high bandwidth and low voltage capability are also considered, and, finally, current comparators with progressively enhanced performance are reported and analyzed critically. Chapter 3 deals with current amplifiers for off-chip loads. Several class AB current-mode output stages are discussed and design strategies which improve performance are presented. A detailed analysis of non-ideal effect is carried out with particular emphasis on linearity. Design examples are given and circuit arrangements for further developments are included. CMOS Current Amplifiers serves as an excellent reference for researchers and professionals of analog IC design, and may also be used as an advanced text on current amplifiers.
Analog Circuit Design contains eighteen tutorials, reflecting the contributions of six experts, as presented at the 15th workshop on Advances in Analog Circuit Design (AACD). Provides 18 overviews of analog circuit design in High-Speed A-D Converters, Automotive Electronics and Ultra-Low Power Wireless. An essential reference source for the latest developments in the field, tutorial coverage makes it suitable for advanced design courses.