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Design of Pulse Oximeters describes the hardware and software needed to make a pulse oximeter, and includes the equations, methods, and software required for them to function effectively. The book begins with a brief description of how oxygen is delivered to the tissue, historical methods for measuring oxygenation, and the invention of the pulse oximeter in the early 1980s. Subsequent chapters explain oxygen saturation display and how to use an LED, provide a survey of light sensors, and review probes and cables. The book closes with an assessment of techniques that may be used to analyze pulse oximeter performance and a brief overview of pulse oximetry applications. The book contains useful worked examples, several worked equations, flow charts, and examples of algorithms used to calculate oxygen saturation. It also includes a glossary of terms, instructional objectives by chapter, and references to further reading.
Pulse oximetry, a noninvasive circulatory system monitoring technique, has been widely adopted in clinical and homecare applications for the determination of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation, where measurement locations are typically limited to fingertips and earlobes. Prior research indicates a variety of additional clinical parameters that can be derived from a photoplethysmogram (PPG), the fundamental time-domain signal yielded by a pulse oximeter sensor. The gap between this research potential and practical device applications can be decreased by improvements in device design (e.g., sensor performance and geometry, sampling fidelity and reliability, etc.) and PPG signal processing. This thesis documents research focused on a novel pulse oximeter design and the accompanying PPG signal processing and interpretation. The filter-free reflectance design adopted in the module supplements new methods for signal sampling, control, and processing, with a goal to acquire high-fidelity raw data that can provide additional physiologic data for state-of-health analyses. Effective approaches are also employed to improve signal stability and quality, including shift-resistant baseline control, an anti-aliasing sampling frequency, light emitting diode intensity autoregulation, signal saturation inhibition, etc. MATLAB interfaces provide data visualization and processing for multiple applications. A feature detection algorithm (decision-making rule set) is presented as the latest application, which brings the element of intelligence into the pulse oximeter design by enabling onboard signal quality verification. Two versions of the reflectance sensor were designed, built, calibrated, and utilized in data acquisition work. Raw data, which are composed of four channels of signals at a 240 Hz sampling rate and a 12-bit precision, successfully stream to a personal computer via a serial connection or wireless link. Due to the optimized large-area sensor and the intensity autoregulation mechanism, PPG signal acquisition from measurement sites other than fingertips and earlobes, e.g., the wrist, become viable and retain signal quality, e.g., signal-to-noise ratio. With appropriate thresholds, the feature detection algorithm can successfully indicate motion occurrence, signal saturation, and signal quality level. Overall, the experimental results from a variety of subjects and body locations in multiple applications demonstrate high quality PPGs, prototype reliability, and prospects for further research value.
Learn the principles and skills you'll need as a respiratory therapist! Egan's Fundamentals of Respiratory Care, 12th Edition provides a solid foundation in respiratory care and covers the latest advances in this ever-changing field. Known as "the bible for respiratory care," this text makes it easy to understand the role of the respiratory therapist, the scientific basis for treatment, and clinical applications. Comprehensive chapters correlate to the 2020 NBRC Exam matrices, preparing you for clinical and exam success. Written by noted educators Robert Kacmarek, James Stoller, and Albert Heuer, this edition includes new chapters on heart failure as well as ethics and end-of-life care, plus the latest AARC practice guidelines. Updated content reflects the newest advances in respiratory care, preparing you to succeed in today's health care environment. UNIQUE! Mini-Clinis provide case scenarios challenging you to use critical thinking in solving problems encountered during actual patient care. Decision trees developed by hospitals highlight the use of therapist-driven protocols to assess a patient, initiate care, and evaluate outcomes. Rules of Thumb highlight rules, formulas, and key points that are important to clinical practice. Learning objectives align with the summary checklists, highlighting key content at the beginning and at the end of each chapter, and parallel the three areas tested on the 2020 NBRC Exam matrices. Learning resources on the Evolve companion website include an NBRC correlation guide, image collection, lecture notes, Body Spectrum electronic anatomy coloring book, and an English/Spanish glossary. Student workbook provides a practical study guide reflecting this edition of the text, offering numerous case studies, experiments, and hands-on activities. Available separately. Full-color design calls attention to the text's special features and promotes learning. Glossary includes key terms and definitions needed for learning concepts. NEW Heart Failure chapter covers the disease that is the most frequent cause of unscheduled hospital admissions. NEW Ethics and End-of-Life Care chapter explains related issues and how to help patients and their families. NEW! Improved readability makes the text easier to read and concepts easier to understand. NEW! Updated practice guidelines from the AARC (American Association for Respiratory Care) are included within the relevant chapters. NEW! Updated chapters include topics such as arterial lines, stroke, ACLS, PALS, hemodynamics, polysomnography, waveform interpretation, and laryngectomy. NEW! Streamlined format eliminates redundancy and complex verbiage.
An essential reference filled with 400 of today's current biomedical instruments and devices Designed mainly for the active bio-medical equipment technologists involved in hands-on functions like managing these technologies by way of their usage, operation & maintenance and those engaged in advancing measurement techniques through research and development, this book covers almost the entire range of instruments and devices used for diagnosis, imaging, analysis, and therapy in the medical field. Compiling 400 instruments in alphabetical order, it provides comprehensive information on each instrument in a lucid style. Each description in Compendium of Biomedical Instrumentation covers four aspects: purpose of the instrument; principle of operation, which covers physics, engineering, electronics, and data processing; brief specifications; and major applications. Devices listed range from the accelerometer, ballistocardiograph, microscopes, lasers, and electrocardiograph to gamma counter, hyperthermia system, microtome, positron emission tomography, uroflowmeter, and many more. Covers almost the entire range of medical instruments and devices which are generally available in hospitals, medical institutes at tertiary, secondary, and peripheral level facilities Presents broad areas of applications of medical instruments/technology, including specialized equipment for various medical specialties, fully illustrated with figures & photographs Contains exhaustive description on state of the art instruments and also includes some generation old legacy instruments which are still in use in some medical facilities. Compendium of Biomedical Instrumentation is a must-have resource for professionals and undergraduate and graduate students in biomedical engineering, as well as for clinical engineers and bio-medical equipment technicians.
The Ultimate Review Guide for the CRT Exam! Certified Respiratory Therapist Exam Review Guide is a comprehensive study guide for respiratory therapy students and graduates of accredited respiratory therapy education programs who are seeking to take the entry-level Certified Respiratory Therapist (CRT) credentialing exam from the National Board for Respiratory Care (NBRC). This unique review guide devotes extensive coverage to two problematic areas for credentialing exam candidates, which are not covered in any other review guides: 1) test-taking skills, and 2) key points to remember in taking the NBRC computerized exams. Special emphasis is also given to material and subject areas which have proven to be especially challenging for exam candidates such as basic pulmonary function testing, arterial blood gas interpretation [ABGs], monitoring critically ill patients, neonatal and pediatric care, recommending modifications to therapy, and more. Certified Respiratory Therapist Exam Review Guide is authored by experts who take the credentialing exam annually, so you can be confident that the content and format of this guide is current! Key features include: Comprehensive discussion of material on the NEW CRT Exam Matrix Over 700 practice questions and answers with explanations Extensive Guidance on Study and Test-Taking Skills Specific Advice on Making Good Answer Choices and Avoiding Bad Ones Hundreds of Summary Tables and Illustrations Each new print copy of this review guide includes a CD-ROM with test questions that can be sorted and graded. Please note: Electronic formats of this review guide do not include the CD ROM.
The rise of wearable technology has enabled continuous fitness and health monitoring. Continuous health monitoring is seen as a very powerful tool for preventative health care. The development of advanced sensors and better devices allow for more comprehensive monitoring and wider adoption. Wearable devices commonly use PPG based pulse oximetry to measure heart rate and oxygen saturation, two very important health metrics, although limitation in their design prevent them from being very practical from a health monitoring perspective. This research presents the design and development of a novel wearable pulse oximeter device that attempts to overcome limitations of existing devices. All aspects of the device design including mechanical form factor, electrical circuit and embedded software are covered in length. The resulting device, Earox, is an ear-based design that clips on the ear lobe to continuously monitor heart rate and oxygen saturation for two weeks on a single charge.