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Systems capable of simultaneous positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) have found both clinical and preclinical adoption, with a broad and expanding range of applications. Current preclinical PET/MRI systems demonstrate the maturity of MR compatible PET detectors and electronics but are not well suited for many of the emerging applications most relevant to simultaneous imaging. A PET/MRI system providing high detection sensitivity while maintaining the spatial resolution necessary for preclinical applications is necessary to bridge current applications for PET/MRI with future applications requiring quantitative and dynamic imaging. The objective of this work is to design, build, and demonstrate the imaging performance of a preclinical PET/MRI insert with detection sensitivity above 10%, targeted for quantitative and dynamic PET studies in rats and mice. Toward this end, we have developed a detector with 1.0 mm pitch and 20 mm thick lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) elements. To preserve spatial resolution across the PET field-of-view (FOV), the detector incorporates a dual-ended depth of interaction (DOI) encoding readout, achieving DOI resolution of 3.6 mm. To read out analog signals from the detector, we have developed compact electronics capable of digitizing signals within the bore of the MRI, minimizing cabling and electronic noise. Based on the optimized digitization circuit, we have built a highly integrated detector module containing four detector blocks and forty readout channels. The module showed excellent separation of the 1.0 mm crystal elements, energy resolution of 25%, and a timing resolution of 3.0 ns.Based on the single detector module, we have built a complete PET/MRI system consisting of sixteen modules. The insert fits within the standard gradient set of a Bruker Biospec 7T MRI, and can accommodate mouse whole body and rat brain imaging coils. Initial imaging results demonstrate approximately 11.4% sensitivity (350-650 kev energy window, point source), and separation of 2.4 mm rods in a Derenzo phantom before applying any corrections. These results support ongoing characterization, to ensure that the system described here is well suited for quantitative and dynamic imaging and other emerging applications for simultaneous preclinical PET/MRI.
Our group has previously developed a PET insert for simultaneous PET/MRI imaging. The insert consists of silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) with a resistor-based charge division multiplexing readout circuit. Some limitations include a 2.5ns coincidence time resolution (CTR), a relatively long signal duration of >1.5us, and a 1.3us paralyzable dead time. This thesis focuses on characterizing these limitations and demonstrating a second-generation detector module for improved timing and count rate performance. First, optical coupling optimization using acrylic polymer tapes versus conventional silicone optical grease was investigated. Second, CTR and signal duration was reduced by using an enhanced readout board equipped with three new SiPM-type detectors. Last, dead time of the system was reduced by minimizing the sampling number of the OpenPET acquisition system. Future work includes design modification to accommodate the first-generation scintillator footprint and potentially to adapt the OpenPET acquisition system to read in SiPM `fast' outputs.
Simultaneous positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) has shown promise in acquiring complementary multiparametric information of diseases. However, designing these hybrid imaging systems is challenging due to the propensity for mutual interference between the PET and MRI sub-systems. In addition, the current high cost of permanently-integrated PET/MRI systems limits their long-term development and deployment, as well as patient accessibility. To overcome these limitations, we explored a brain-dedicated PET insert for an existing MRI system to achieve simultaneous PET/MRI. Because of its brain-dedicated design, this insert also provides superior spatial resolution and sensitivity compared to whole-body scanners. The second-generation prototype builds upon the success of the first-generation prototype, which demonstrated radio-frequency (RF)-penetrability and MR-compatibility. The new design includes additional features such as a longer axial field of view, time-of-flight (TOF) functionality, and improved portability, resulting in improved PET performance but presenting greater technical challenges for MR-compatibility. This thesis presents the development of the second-generation brain-dedicated PET insert for simultaneous PET/MRI. Our objective is to achieve high levels of both PET performance and MR-compatibility. The detailed design, architecture, experiment setup, results and analysis of the second-generation brain-dedicated PET insert are presented, highlighting the progress towards realizing a cost-efficient and effective simultaneous PET/MRI system for neurological imaging.
This textbook is a practical guide to the use of small animal imaging in preclinical research that will assist in the choice of imaging modality and contrast agent and in study design, experimental setup, and data evaluation. All established imaging modalities are discussed in detail, with the assistance of numerous informative illustrations. While the focus of the new edition remains on practical basics, it has been updated to encompass a variety of emerging imaging modalities, methods, and applications. Additional useful hints are also supplied on the installation of a small animal unit, study planning, animal handling, and cost-effective performance of small animal imaging. Cross-calibration methods and data postprocessing are considered in depth. This new edition of Small Animal Imaging will be an invaluable aid for researchers, students, and technicians involved in research into and applications of small animal imaging.
Transpathology: Molecular Imaging-Based Pathology is a multidisciplinary reference on molecular imaging and pathology. The book is intended for professionals in the fields of molecular imaging, nuclear medicine, radiology, and pathology as well as students and clinical residents. The book describes the importance of non-invasive diagnosis-based precision medicine and presents a detailed description of current transpathological approaches in different aspects essential for the future development of precision medicine. It’s molecular imaging approach to experimental research and clinical practice will drive the field forward and improve research outcomes. Introduces a new concept of molecular imaging-guided precise biopsy Links in vivo and ex vivo information at various scales by using multi-modality imaging technologies Integrates future technologies for the non-invasive cross-validation of underlying mechanisms
Clinical PET/MR presents the state-of-the-art of PET/MR, guiding the reader from how to scan patients, how to read and report the studies, and how keep an eye on what is clinically relevant for a patient's care. Each chapter starts with the clinical scenario and then moves to pertinent imaging, addressing the need of a clinical PET/MR book written by world experts in both clinical and imaging fields. It discusses the clinical application of PET/MR in diverse subspecialties such as head and neck, neurology, cardiovascular, pediatrics, chest, bone, hematology, breast, hepatobiliary pancreatic, genitourinary, gynecology, and gastrointestinal tract. This book is a valuable resource for radiologists, oncologists and members of the biomedical field who need to learn more about clinical applications of PET/MR. Presents a description of robust acquisition protocols to teach readers how to scan PET/MR patients, from tracers to sequences Provides a clinical background section in each chapter to help readers focus on the real clinical issues that need to be addressed in the medical report Written by world authorities in the field in a didactic manner to describe the real status of imaging