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Chemistry has become an important tool in solving problems in biology and medicine. Chemists are engaged in developing new devices at the nanoscale level to aid in clinical diagnosis, real time monitoring of analytes, and analyzing neural activity, etc. Our research is aimed at designing and synthesizing fluorescent sensors to detect various divalent metal ions under physiological conditions. We designed and synthesized a chemosensor based on the principle of photoinduced electron transfer as a signal transduction mechanism in order to detect the presence of various divalent metal cations, particularly zinc. We report the synthesis, characterization and its spectrophotometric titrations with various metal ions. This sensor signals the presence of metal ions by a fluorescence signal and offers a significant advantage as it exhibits "off-on" behavior in the presence and absence of metal ions. The primary sensor was found to be very sensitive and selective toward zinc ions. We also aimed at optimizing the performance of this chemosensor by taking advantage of electron donating/withdrawing abilities of different functional groups by using computational methods. We devised a new scheme to synthesize it, unfortunately the modified sensor was not realized for unknown reason. We are currently involved in devising an alternate strategy to synthesize and develop new sensors for neutral molecules.
The design and synthesis of fluorescent chemosensor probes based on photoinduced electron transfer is discussed. First, the design of a series of probes to detect the presence of divalent metal cations is discussed. Next, the results for an existing probe for divalent cations are examined. Computational chemistry is used to provide a possible answer to its selectivity. This method of examination suggests that the probes selectivity is due to the bonding involved in analyte coordination. Then, the design of a series of probes to detect the presence of mono-, di-, and, trivalent hydrocarbon anions is discussed. From this discussion, the synthesis of a single probe from that series as well as characterization and the spectrophotometric results from its titration with pyruvate, malate, and citrate is discussed, respectively. The probe was found to be more selective and sensitive toward pyruvate. Work is currently underway to design and synthesize other series of probes to detect this family of anion.
Over the last decade, fluorescence has become the dominant tool in biotechnology and medical imaging. These exciting advances have been underpinned by the advances in time-resolved techniques and instrumentation, probe design, chemical / biochemical sensing, coupled with our furthered knowledge in biology. Complementary volumes 9 and 10, Advanced Concepts of Fluorescence Sensing: Small Molecule Sensing and Advanced Concepts of Fluorescence Sensing: Macromolecular Sensing, aim to summarize the current state of the art in fluorescent sensing. For this reason, Drs. Geddes and Lakowicz have invited chapters, encompassing a broad range of fluorescence sensing techniques. Some chapters deal with small molecule sensors, such as for anions, cations, and CO2, while others summarize recent advances in protein-based and macromolecular sensors. The Editors have, however, not included DNA or RNA based sensing in this volume, as this were reviewed in Volume 7 and is to be the subject of a more detailed volume in the near future.
In this dissertation, we established a new approach assisted by computational chemistry to design fluorescent sensors. The approach is applicable to predict the behavior of a fluorophore-bridge-receptor sensor based on photoinduced electron transfer (PET). Our first designed rhodamine based pH sensor exhibits strong fluorescence under acidic conditions and very weak fluorescence under basic conditions, just as the computations predicted.
Doctoral Thesis / Dissertation from the year 2016 in the subject Chemistry - General, grade: 9.0, , language: English, abstract: This thesis deals with Fluorochemosensors. Fluorescence spectroscopy and ultraviolet techniques have been applied to various analytical, bio-analytical, environmental, medical and forensic investigations. Several analytical methods that are offered for recognition of target concerned such that flame photometry, AAS, HPLC, mass spectrometry, ion sensitive electrode, microprobe analysis, neutron activation analysis, have been developed. But these methods are expensive and time uncontrollable process that involves complicated instrumentation and do not allow permanent monitoring. When compared to absorption techniques, flourimetric method is more sensitive and selective and rapidly performed. In nature, any compound analysed by using a suitable analytical technique which basically depends on the nature and properties of the target compound. If the target compound exhibit phenomenon called as Luminescence where the emission of electromagnetic radiation of longer wavelength to that of absorbed radiation can be seen are analysed by using the modern spectroscopic technique called as "flourimetry" . Hence, significant hard works are life form complete to develop selective fluorescent sensor for recognition of targeted species. To blind date different fluorescent molecular sensors with different excitation and emission wavelengths comprise be employed such like coumarin, 1,8-naphthamide, pyrene, xanthenes, cynine, squaraine, boron dipyrromethene difuoride, nitrobenzofurazan etc. In outline, cinnamaldehyde - rhodamine based signalling systems were designed and synthesized for the selective recognition of Fe+3 ions. The cinnamaldehyde molecule was used as a recognition moiety and rhodamine-B was used as a signalling moiety. The excellent fluorescent response to Fe+3 in ACN solution can be detected even by the naked eye, which provides a facile method for the visual detection of Fe+3. Complexation of the Fe+3 ions opens the spirolactum ring of rhodamine moieties to produce specific color change as well as fluorescence development.
The use of unnatural metals - which have been introduced into human biology as diagnostic probes and drugs - is another active area of tremendous medical significance.
Zinc is an important micronutrient but the biological function of its labile form is poorly understood. Zinc selective fluorescence sensors, recognized as the major tool to gain information about the role of zinc in living systems, have been attracting more and more interest. The most promising solution currently being studied comes in the form of ratiometric sensors. Unlike sensors based on the switch-on mechanism, ratiometric sensors determine the free metal concentration directly from the ratio of the emission intensities at two wavelengths. The major restriction on the design of this type of sensor is from the necessity for a spectral-shift upon binding metal ions. To develop novel ratiometric sensors, we have developed designs based on excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT).
The first source on this expanding analytical science, this reference explores advances in the instrumentation, design, and application of techniques with electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL), examining the use and impact of ECL-based assays in clinical diagnostics, life science research, environmental testing, food and water evaluation, and th