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This book provides, in one place, basic information and considerations necessary to plan, build and operate seawater systems for culturing purposes. It provides design, construction and operations guidance for seawater (salinities from freshwater to brine) systems with flow rates of 10-1,000 gallons (40-4,000 liters) per minute. While the book concentrates on general circumstances, situations and concepts, comprehensive referencing of text and annotated bibliographies are provided in critical technical areas to allow readers to pursue specialized areas of interest. This upgraded and expanded Second Edition contains a considerably increased number of numerical examples relative to the first edition to demonstrate practical applications of the concepts and presented data.
The primary objective of this book is to provide basic information and considerations needed for the design, construction and operation of seawater systems for culturing purposes. The seawater flow rate range of 10-1000 gallons (approximately 40-4000 liters) per minute, has been chosen because it includes the vast majority of such systems currently in use. While the objectives of these systems vary widely, they all depend on a common technological and biological data base. Since the seawater system is usually only a means to an end, most potential users have little prior practical experience or technical knowledge in this area. Practical information on seawater systems for culturing purposes tends to be fragmented and not readily available in usable form. Most conventional engineering experience is with marine systems which are orders of magnitude larger. This technology is often not readily scaled down, or directly useable, and more than likely prohibitively expensive. The subject of this book crosses many different disciplines, interests, and backgrounds. This can cause considerable confusion with definitions and units of measure.
As traditional commercial fishing becomes increasingly expensive and restrictive, aquacultural fish production emerges as a practical viable alternative. The Aquaculture Sourcebook is an introductory text and ready reference for information on the fresh-, brackish-, and salt-water farming of both fish and shellfish, as well as of several important algae. Until now, such material has been available only in scattered publications; but the Aquaculture Sourcebook incorporates all the feasibility data pertinent to farming aquacultural species in North America into one easy-to-use text. It will be welcomed not only by current and future aquaculturists, but also by fisheries, seafood company managers, biologists, teachers, and students. The Aquaculture Sourcebook has been designed to satisfy the needs of fisheries, scientists, and commercial aquaculturists by providing, in a handy and well-organized format, information vital for successful North American aquacultural ventures. Concise details are given for over a hundred individual speices, including not only those raised for human consumption, but also organisms reared for feed, bait, or other purposes. Each entry in this valuable volume covers such relevant material as: *the scientific and common names of the organism *its visual appearance and distinctive characteristics *habitat range specifications *species reproduction and development *age- and growth-related factors *specific parasites an diseases *potential predators and/or competitive species *its prospects for future aquacultural success Key groups of closely related species are discussed in a geographical context, highlighting areas which each will find the habitat best for its survival. Great care has been taken to specify ranges of tolerable salinity and optimum temperature for candidate species, and emphasis has been placed on creating aquacultural environments that replicate those normally habitated in nature. Comprehensive, informative, and accessible to layperson and scientist alike, the Aqualculture Sourcebook is both the perfect desktop reference for anyone establishing an aquacultural facility, and a ready reference to help maintain one.
The purpose of this book is to provide a useful guide for aquaculture entrepreneurs, engineers, and investors who are interested in the design and construction of land-based recirculating aquaculture systems. The book details the entire design process, including the initial information gathering, necessary water treatment processes, equipment selection criteria, and final construction considerations. Figures, tables, and equations help illustrate important concepts. There is information on the potential pros and cons of a variety of design decisions and a list of common mistakes and their solutions. The book includes twelve appendices full of useful recirculating aquaculture systems design, business, and operations information. Specific topics such as shellfish hatcheries, aquaponics, hydroponics, polyculture, and biofloc systems are also addressed.
As the aquaculture industry has expanded throughout the world, it has embraced the experiences of many fields of study to meet increasing technological challenges. The complexities of modern hatchery methodology, more intensive growout systems, and the application of diverse biological and physical sciences to aquatic animal husbandry have reached beyona the ability of most aquaculturists to enjoy an in-depth knowledge of all phases of the aquaculture process. More importantly, in order for tne culturist to have at hand the information necessary to make basic decisions, it requires an extensive library of textbooks and scientific literature. The Aquaculture Desk Reference serves as a concise compila tion of tables, graphs, conversions, formulas and design specifica tions useful to the aquaculture industry. It also provides examples, in a straightforward manner, of how information in tabulature can be used to derive values for specific system design and process strategies. Tables and graphs in this volume also provide back ground documentation and authority for further reference. The Aquaculture Desk Reference is a convenient source book that will alleviate the need for an extensive personal library to access basic information useful for practicing aquaculturists. Many thanks to Mrs. Ruth Aldrich for her assistance in the preparation of this book. My family, friends and associates also deserve my special appreciation for their encouragement and sup port.
Molluscan Shellfish Aquaculture is a useable manual for all those interested in an up-to-date introduction to the field. Each of the major cultured species of commercial importance is covered, providing cutting-edge information of practical use to all those involved in shellfish aquaculture. The book’s editor and chapter authors are among the most widely known and respected authorities working in the industry and academia. Species covered include mussels, clams, oysters (including pearl oysters), scallops, cephalopods, abalone and gastropods. Molluscan Shellfish Aquaculture contains a huge wealth of information of great use for personnel working in the industry, with chapters covering site selection, hatchery construction, disease, biofouling, best management practice and certification. 5m Books
4 Water Sources ........................................ 149 Criteria ............................................. 149 Major types .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................ 152 5 Water Treatment ...................................... 155 Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 . . . . . . . . . . . . Materials ............................................ 155 Treatment options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 . . . . . . . . . . . System design ........................................ 169 System monitoring and control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 . . . . . . . . Environmental considerations .............................. 174 Summary ............................................ 174 6 Culture Units ......................................... 175 Considerations in choosing culture units ...................... 175 Characteristics of culture units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 . . . . . . . . Applications of culture units .............................. 191 Hatchery design " . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 . . . . . . . . . . . Summary ............................................ 210 7 Obtaining Fish for Stocking . ............................. 211 Stock from the wild .................................... 211 Stock from the hatchery ................................. 211 Spermatogenesis (sperm formation) ....................... 232 Oogenesis (egg formation) ............................. 232 Oocyte maturation ................................... 233 Endocrine control of oocyte maturation and ovulation .......... 237 fuduced ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 238 . . . . . . . . . . Timing and egg quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 . . . . . . . . . Artificial fertilization ................................. 265 Care of eggs ....................................... 267 Storage of gametes ................. ' .................. 269 Natural ovulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270 . . . . . . . . . . Care of broodfish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289 . . . . . . . . . . Egg collection .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290 . . . . . . . . . . fuduced vs natural ovulation ............................ 290 Broodfish adaptability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 . . . . . . . . . . Examples ............................................ 291 Genetic considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295 . . . . . . . . . . Hybridization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 . . . . . . . . . . . . Sex control .......................................... 296 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi 8 Nutrition of Larval Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 . . . . . . . . . . Feeding criteria ....................................... 299 Choice and culture of foods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 . . . . . . . . . General feeding practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 . . . . . . . . . . Specific feeding practices ................................ 352 General methods used in our hatchery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 372 . . . . . . . Industrial-scale larval food processing in Italian hatcheries ......... 373 Summary ............................................ 374 9 Nutrition of Juvenile and Adult Fish ...................... 375 ............................. 375 Requirements and components Broodstock nutrition .................................... 407 Nutritional disorders .................................... 408 Environmental considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 . . . . . . . . . Feed studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 . . . . . . . . . . . . Suggested feed formulas ................................. 460 Making and storing feeds ................................ 461 Feeding methods ...................................... 464 Summary ............................................ 467 10 Energetics ............................................ 469 Energy budget components and influencing factors . . . . . . . . . . . 469 . . . .