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Das Gebiet der Bio-Sensorik wird für die Medizin und die biologische Grundlagenforschung immer bedeutender. In diesen Bereichen ist die Untersuchung charakteristischer Eigenschaften von Membranproteinen unerlässlich, da sie die Kommunikation und Aktivität biologischer Zellen verantworten. Darüber hinaus steuern sie den Transport verschiedener Substanzen in die Zelle und eignen sich als Ziel von Medikamenten. Diese Art von Proteinen weisen charakterisitsche Resonanzen zwischen 200GHz und 2 THz auf. In dieser Arbeit wird das Design von gekoppelten plasmonischen THz-Antennen gezeigt. Diese Antennen bestehen aus hochdotiertem Germanium auf einem Siliziumsubstrat und verfügen über eine Resonanzfrequenz von 500 GHz. Sie bieten eine hohe Empfindlichkeit für dünne Schichten in einer wässrigen Lösung und eignen sich für die Charakterisierung von Proteinen im THz-Bereich. Der Entwurf dieser Antennen wird mithilfe von Finite-Elemente-Simulationen durchgeführt. Da solch ein Entwurf einen hohen Rechenaufwand umfasst, wird ein weiterer Ansatz gezeigt. Die plasmonische Antenne wird als RLC-Schwingkreis beschrieben, was Designs mit analytischen Berechnungen ermöglicht. Aufgrund dieser Berschreibung kann eine Anpassung der Impedanz zwischen Antenne und Biomolekül durchgeführt werden, wodurch die Struktur weiter optimiert wird. Neben dem THz-Bereich wird auch der Infrarot-Bereich untersucht. Dort sind Proteinbindungsprozesse zu beobachten. In dieser Arbeit wird eine neuartige Struktur untersucht, um die Brechungsindexdispersion von Proteinen zu messen. Für diese Untersuchung wird ein Array aus Silizium-Mikrosäulen analysiert. Sie zeigen eine hohe Sensitivität für sehr dünne Schichten. Die Ergebnisse dieser Arbeit zeigen, dass sich die untersuchten Sensorstrukturen für die Charakterisierung von Membranproteinen im THz- und Infrarot-Bereich sehr gut eignen. Weiterin sind sie kompatibel zu BiCMOS Prozessen und ermöglichen die kostengünstige Herstellung von Lab-on-Chip Architekturen.
The aim of this book is to present a range of analytical methods that can be used in formulation design and development and focus on how these systems can be applied to understand formulation components and the dosage form these build. To effectively design and exploit drug delivery systems, the underlying characteristic of a dosage form must be understood--from the characteristics of the individual formulation components, to how they act and interact within the formulation, and finally, to how this formulation responds in different biological environments. To achieve this, there is a wide range of analytical techniques that can be adopted to understand and elucidate the mechanics of drug delivery and drug formulation. Such methods include e.g. spectroscopic analysis, diffractometric analysis, thermal investigations, surface analytical techniques, particle size analysis, rheological techniques, methods to characterize drug stability and release, and biological analysis in appropriate cell and animal models. Whilst each of these methods can encompass a full research area in their own right, formulation scientists must be able to effectively apply these methods to the delivery system they are considering. The information in this book is designed to support researchers in their ability to fully characterize and analyze a range of delivery systems, using an appropriate selection of analytical techniques. Due to its consideration of regulatory approval, this book will also be suitable for industrial researchers both at early stage up to pre-clinical research.
This book describes the advanced developments in methodology and applications of NMR spectroscopy to life science and materials science. Experts who are leaders in the development of new methods and applications of life and material sciences have contributed an exciting range of topics that cover recent advances in structural determination of biological and material molecules, dynamic aspects of biological and material molecules, and development of novel NMR techniques, including resolution and sensitivity enhancement. First, this book particularly emphasizes the experimental details for new researchers to use NMR spectroscopy and pick up the potentials of NMR spectroscopy. Second, the book is designed for those who are involved in either developing the technique or expanding the NMR application fields by applying them to specific samples. Third, the Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Society of Japan has organized this book not only for NMR members of Japan but also for readers worldwide who are interested in using NMR spectroscopy extensively.
The last research frontier in high frequency electronics now lies in the so-called THz (or submillimeter-wave) regime between the traditional microwave and infrared domains. Significant scientific and technical challenges within the terahertz (THz) frequency regime have recently motivated an array of new research activities. During the last few years, major research programs have emerged that are focused on advancing the state of the art in THz frequency electronic technology and on investigating novel applications of THz frequency sensing. This book serves as a detailed reference for the new THz frequency technological advances that are emerging across a wide spectrum of sensing and technology areas.
Responding to recent developments and a growing VLSI circuit manufacturing market, Technology Computer Aided Design: Simulation for VLSI MOSFET examines advanced MOSFET processes and devices through TCAD numerical simulations. The book provides a balanced summary of TCAD and MOSFET basic concepts, equations, physics, and new technologies related to TCAD and MOSFET. A firm grasp of these concepts allows for the design of better models, thus streamlining the design process, saving time and money. This book places emphasis on the importance of modeling and simulations of VLSI MOS transistors and TCAD software. Providing background concepts involved in the TCAD simulation of MOSFET devices, it presents concepts in a simplified manner, frequently using comparisons to everyday-life experiences. The book then explains concepts in depth, with required mathematics and program code. This book also details the classical semiconductor physics for understanding the principle of operations for VLSI MOS transistors, illustrates recent developments in the area of MOSFET and other electronic devices, and analyzes the evolution of the role of modeling and simulation of MOSFET. It also provides exposure to the two most commercially popular TCAD simulation tools Silvaco and Sentaurus. • Emphasizes the need for TCAD simulation to be included within VLSI design flow for nano-scale integrated circuits • Introduces the advantages of TCAD simulations for device and process technology characterization • Presents the fundamental physics and mathematics incorporated in the TCAD tools • Includes popular commercial TCAD simulation tools (Silvaco and Sentaurus) • Provides characterization of performances of VLSI MOSFETs through TCAD tools • Offers familiarization to compact modeling for VLSI circuit simulation R&D cost and time for electronic product development is drastically reduced by taking advantage of TCAD tools, making it indispensable for modern VLSI device technologies. They provide a means to characterize the MOS transistors and improve the VLSI circuit simulation procedure. The comprehensive information and systematic approach to design, characterization, fabrication, and computation of VLSI MOS transistor through TCAD tools presented in this book provides a thorough foundation for the development of models that simplify the design verification process and make it cost effective.
Considered a major field of photonics, plasmonics offers the potential to confine and guide light below the diffraction limit and promises a new generation of highly miniaturized photonic devices. This book combines a comprehensive introduction with an extensive overview of the current state of the art. Coverage includes plasmon waveguides, cavities for field-enhancement, nonlinear processes and the emerging field of active plasmonics studying interactions of surface plasmons with active media.
Want an overview of where the technology of terahertz detection has been going? Here it is. The technology has largely been developed around expensive and bulky femtosecond laser systems but, as described in this book, advances in semiconductor superlattice technology are leading to compact "electronic" sources such as the quantum cascade laser, two-terminal "Gunn" type oscillators and even a THz frequency amplifier. These advances towards electronic (as opposed to optical) THz systems mean that the technology will become portable and much less costly.