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Design of Pulse Oximeters describes the hardware and software needed to make a pulse oximeter, and includes the equations, methods, and software required for them to function effectively. The book begins with a brief description of how oxygen is delivered to the tissue, historical methods for measuring oxygenation, and the invention of the pulse oximeter in the early 1980s. Subsequent chapters explain oxygen saturation display and how to use an LED, provide a survey of light sensors, and review probes and cables. The book closes with an assessment of techniques that may be used to analyze pulse oximeter performance and a brief overview of pulse oximetry applications. The book contains useful worked examples, several worked equations, flow charts, and examples of algorithms used to calculate oxygen saturation. It also includes a glossary of terms, instructional objectives by chapter, and references to further reading.
Pulse oximetry, a noninvasive circulatory system monitoring technique, has been widely adopted in clinical and homecare applications for the determination of heart rate and blood oxygen saturation, where measurement locations are typically limited to fingertips and earlobes. Prior research indicates a variety of additional clinical parameters that can be derived from a photoplethysmogram (PPG), the fundamental time-domain signal yielded by a pulse oximeter sensor. The gap between this research potential and practical device applications can be decreased by improvements in device design (e.g., sensor performance and geometry, sampling fidelity and reliability, etc.) and PPG signal processing. This thesis documents research focused on a novel pulse oximeter design and the accompanying PPG signal processing and interpretation. The filter-free reflectance design adopted in the module supplements new methods for signal sampling, control, and processing, with a goal to acquire high-fidelity raw data that can provide additional physiologic data for state-of-health analyses. Effective approaches are also employed to improve signal stability and quality, including shift-resistant baseline control, an anti-aliasing sampling frequency, light emitting diode intensity autoregulation, signal saturation inhibition, etc. MATLAB interfaces provide data visualization and processing for multiple applications. A feature detection algorithm (decision-making rule set) is presented as the latest application, which brings the element of intelligence into the pulse oximeter design by enabling onboard signal quality verification. Two versions of the reflectance sensor were designed, built, calibrated, and utilized in data acquisition work. Raw data, which are composed of four channels of signals at a 240 Hz sampling rate and a 12-bit precision, successfully stream to a personal computer via a serial connection or wireless link. Due to the optimized large-area sensor and the intensity autoregulation mechanism, PPG signal acquisition from measurement sites other than fingertips and earlobes, e.g., the wrist, become viable and retain signal quality, e.g., signal-to-noise ratio. With appropriate thresholds, the feature detection algorithm can successfully indicate motion occurrence, signal saturation, and signal quality level. Overall, the experimental results from a variety of subjects and body locations in multiple applications demonstrate high quality PPGs, prototype reliability, and prospects for further research value.
Photoplethysmography: Technology, Signal Analysis, and Applications is the first comprehensive volume on the theory, principles, and technology (sensors and electronics) of photoplethysmography (PPG). It provides a detailed description of the current state-of-the-art technologies/optical components enabling the extreme miniaturization of such sensors, as well as comprehensive coverage of PPG signal analysis techniques including machine learning and artificial intelligence. The book also outlines the huge range of PPG applications in healthcare, with a strong focus on the contribution of PPG in wearable sensors and PPG for cardiovascular assessment. - Presents the underlying principles and technology surrounding PPG - Includes applications for healthcare and wellbeing - Focuses on PPG in wearable sensors and devices - Presents advanced signal analysis techniques - Includes cutting-edge research, applications and future directions
This book focuses on the objective measurement of two major parameters of skin function: blood flow and erythema.
A careful review of the literature covering various aspects of applications of lasers in science and technology reveals that lasers are being applied very widely throughout the entire gamut of physical medicine. After surveying the current developments taking place in the field of medical applications of lasers, it was considered appropriate to bring together these efforts of international research scientists and experts into one volume. It is with this aim that the editors have prepared this volume which brings current research and recent developments to the attention of a wide spectrum of readership associated with hospitals, medical institutions and universities world wide, including also the medical instrument industry. Both teachers and students in the medical faculties will especially find this compendium quite useful. This book is comprised of eleven chapters. All of the important medical applications of lasers are featured. The editors have made every effort that individual chapters are self-contained and written by experts. Emphasis has been placed on straight and simple presentation of the subject matter so that even the new entrants into the field will find the book of value.
The International Society on Oxygen Transport to Tissue (IS OTT) was founded in 1973 as a scientific society providing a forum for bioengineers, basic scientists (physiologists, biochemists and physicists) and clinicians (including anesthesiologists, intensive care specialists, pediatricians, neonatologists, internists, surgeons and other specialists) to facilitate the exchange of scientific information among those interested in any aspect of the transport and/or utilization of oxygen in tissues. From the ranks of its members, many fundamental discoveries and inventions have been made involving the many aspects of oxygen transport and utilization by biological tissues. The ISOTT proceed ings, now in its 14th edition, has become a standard work in the field as witnessed by the inclusion in the Science Citation Index of all volumes published so far. The 19th ISOTT Meeting was held in Cura~ao from August 24th through August 30th, 1991. The Cura~ao Meeting attracted 145 registrants and 45 accompanying persons. The format originated by Dr. Ian Llngmuir in 1985, consisting of posters ac companied by an abbreviated oral summary, was again successfully handled with slight modifications. The meeting was introduced by 6 review lectures covering the whole field of oxygen transport from bioengineering, the problem of diffusion in lung, blood and tissue through pathology of oxygen uptake in the lung, oxygen supply dependency of the critically ill to artificial oxygen carriers. A special session dealt with oxygen sup ply under ambiant pressure changes.