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Embedded real-time systems require a reliable and efficient memory management, a timely, predictable and deterministic response, and a reliable action. The design and implementation of Java Virtual Machine (JVM) must take those requirements into consideration for Java language to be used in embedded real-time systems. Automatic garbage collection is an important function of a JVM. There are many different types of garbage collectors and the behavior of the JVM depends on the type of garbage collector that it implements. The type of garbage collector determines the amount of memory available to a program at any given time and the responsiveness of the JVM. Both of these features are critically important for real-time and embedded systems. The main contribution of this thesis is to design benchmark programs to reveal the behavior and to measure the performance of the garbage collector for a JVM. The benchmark programs identifies if a garbage collector for the Java Virtual Machine is asynchronous, accurate, de-fragmenting, generational, incremental, preemptive, and identifies if the Java Virtual Machine handles priority inversion problem.
Universally acclaimed as the book on garbage collection. A complete and up-to-date revision of the 2012 Garbage Collection Handbook. Thorough coverage of parallel, concurrent and real-time garbage collection algortithms including C4, Garbage First, LXR, Shenandoah, Transactional Sapphire and ZGC, and garbage collection on the GPU. Clear explanation of the trickier aspects of garbage collection, including the interface to the run-time system, handling of finalisation and weak references, and support for dynamic languages. New chapters on energy aware garbage collection, and persistence and garbage collection. The e-book includes more than 40,000 hyperlinks to algorithms, figures, glossary entries, indexed items, original research papers and much more. Backed by a comprehensive online database of over 3,400 garbage collection-related publications
Java is an exciting new object-oriented technology. Hardware for supporting objects and other features of Java such as multithreading, dynamic linking and loading is the focus of this book. The impact of Java's features on micro-architectural resources and issues in the design of Java-specific architectures are interesting topics that require the immediate attention of the research community. While Java has become an important part of desktop applications, it is now being used widely in high-end server markets, and will soon be widespread in low-end embedded computing. Java Microarchitectures contains a collection of papers providing a snapshot of the state of the art in hardware support for Java. The book covers the behavior of Java applications, embedded processors for Java, memory system design, and high-performance single-chip architectures designed to execute Java applications efficiently.
Since benchmarks drive computer science research and industry product development, which ones we use and how we evaluate them are key questions for the community. Despite complex runtime tradeoffs due to dynamic compilation and garbage collection required for Java programs, many evaluations still use methodologies developed for C, C++, and Fortran. SPEC, the dominant purveyor of benchmarks, compounded this problem by institutionalizing these methodologies for their Java benchmark suite. This paper recommends benchmarking selection and evaluation methodologies, and introduces the DaCapo benchmarks, a set of open source, client-side Java benchmarks. We demonstrate that the complex interactions of (1) architecture, (2) compiler, (3) virtual machine, (4) memory management, and (5) application require more extensive evaluation than C, C++, and Fortran which stress (4) much less, and do not require (3). We use and introduce new value, time-series, and statistical metrics for static and dynamic properties such as code complexity, code size, heap composition, and pointer mutations. No benchmark suite is definitive, but these metrics show that DaCapo improves over SPEC Java in a variety of ways, including more complex code, richer object behaviors, and more demanding memory system requirements. This paper takes a step towards improving methodologies for choosing and evaluating benchmarks to foster innovation in system design and implementation for Java and other managed languages.
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Improve application performance by tuning, monitoring and profiling both the garbage collector and JVM Key FeaturesUnderstand the different parts of Java memory and the various garbage collectors so you can select your preferred oneExplore how memory management can help to effectively improve performanceLearn how to spot and avoid memory leaks to enhance application performanceBook Description Understanding how Java organizes memory is important for every Java professional, but this particular topic is a common knowledge gap for many software professionals. Having in-depth knowledge of memory functioning and management is incredibly useful in writing and analyzing code, as well as debugging memory problems. In fact, it can be just the knowledge you need to level up your skills and career. In this book, you'll start by working through the basics of Java memory. After that, you'll dive into the different segments individually. You'll explore the stack, the heap, and the Metaspace. Next, you'll be ready to delve into JVM standard garbage collectors. The book will also show you how to tune, monitor and profile JVM memory management. Later chapters will guide you on how to avoid and spot memory leaks. By the end of this book, you'll have understood how Java manages memory and how to customize it for the benefit of your applications. What you will learnUnderstand the schematics of debugging and how to design the application to perform wellDiscover how garbage collectors workDistinguish between various garbage collector implementationsIdentify the metrics required for analyzing application performanceConfigure and monitor JVM memory managementIdentify and solve memory leaksWho this book is for This book is for all levels of Java professionals, regardless of whether you're a junior or senior developer, a DevOps engineer, a tester, or the system admin of a Java application. If you currently don't have in-depth knowledge of Java memory, garbage collection, and/or JVM tuning, then this book will help you to take your Java skills to the next level.
This book presents the tutorial lectures given by leading experts in the area at the IFIP WG 7.3 International Symposium on Computer Modeling, Measurement and Evaluation, Performance 2002, held in Rome, Italy in September 2002.The survey papers presented are devoted to theoretical and methodological advances in performance and reliability evaluation as well as new perspectives in the major application fields. Modeling and verification issues, solution methods, workload characterization, and benchmarking are addressed from the methodological point of view. Among the applications dealt with are hardware and software architectures, wired and wireless networks, grid environments, Web services, and real-time voice and video processing.This book is intended to serve as a state-of-the-art survey and reference for students, scientists, and engineers active in the area of performance and reliability evaluation.
Published in 1996, Richard Jones’s Garbage Collection was a milestone in the area of automatic memory management. The field has grown considerably since then, sparking a need for an updated look at the latest state-of-the-art developments. The Garbage Collection Handbook: The Art of Automatic Memory Management brings together a wealth of knowledge gathered by automatic memory management researchers and developers over the past fifty years. The authors compare the most important approaches and state-of-the-art techniques in a single, accessible framework. The book addresses new challenges to garbage collection made by recent advances in hardware and software. It explores the consequences of these changes for designers and implementers of high performance garbage collectors. Along with simple and traditional algorithms, the book covers parallel, incremental, concurrent, and real-time garbage collection. Algorithms and concepts are often described with pseudocode and illustrations. The nearly universal adoption of garbage collection by modern programming languages makes a thorough understanding of this topic essential for any programmer. This authoritative handbook gives expert insight on how different collectors work as well as the various issues currently facing garbage collectors. Armed with this knowledge, programmers can confidently select and configure the many choices of garbage collectors. Web Resource The book’s online bibliographic database at www.gchandbook.org includes over 2,500 garbage collection-related publications. Continually updated, it contains abstracts for some entries and URLs or DOIs for most of the electronically available ones. The database can be searched online or downloaded as BibTeX, PostScript, or PDF. E-book This edition enhances the print version with copious clickable links to algorithms, figures, original papers and definitions of technical terms. In addition, each index entry links back to where it was mentioned in the text, and each entry in the bibliography includes links back to where it was cited.