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Chris Flaherty and Bruno Mugnai in this second volume of the ‘Lange Türkenkrieg’ examines in deep eastern European warfare and its implications in the global debate on infantry firepower, cavalry tactics and engineering techniques in this period. Covering relatively unknown corps and military specialities some topics such as the organization of the Romanian princedoms’ military, are discussed here for the first time, as well as fully detailed plates illustrating soldiers and militiamen in this less documented phase of European warfare and its history.
Volume 1: Turkish Army uniforms in the Crimean War Period, and Volume 2, which covers the Turkish Navy, the Contingents, Additional Cavalry Units and the Romanian Army, both acknowledge as its key source of information, the research by Charles A. Norman, a well-known British military artist and researcher. Norman’s work transliterated original observations, illustrations and notes made by two Crimean War Commentators: Joseph-Emile Vanson, and Constantin Guys. Constantin Guys was a reporter, and illustrator for The Illustrated London News, and in 1854 was assigned to the Crimea to produce drawings of wartime scenes which could be turned into engravings for news. Constantin Guys documented various Turkish uniforms, with his description of each scene, written in English on the back of the drawing or below it. The approach taken in this volume has been to overlay Norman’s original interpretations, combining this with other period written descriptions, illustrations, paintings, and photographs taken at the time, hopefully getting a closer interpretation of the Turkish Army uniforms seen in the Crimea. Many of the library and museum collections provide a significant amount of information. However, much of this is not accurately dated. The dating of these often slip by two or three years, and up to a decade earlier or later. The illustrations presented in both volumes are based on this combination of materials.
Volume 1: Turkish Army uniforms in the Crimean War Period, and Volume 2, which covers the Turkish Navy, the Contingents, Additional Cavalry Units and the Romanian Army, both acknowledge as its key source of information, the research by Charles A. Norman, a well-known British military artist and researcher. Norman’s work transliterated original observations, illustrations and notes made by two Crimean War Commentators: Joseph-Emile Vanson, and Constantin Guys. Constantin Guys was a reporter, and illustrator for The Illustrated London News, and in 1854 was assigned to the Crimea to produce drawings of wartime scenes which could be turned into engravings for news. Constantin Guys documented various Turkish uniforms, with his description of each scene, written in English on the back of the drawing or below it. The approach taken in this volume has been to overlay Norman’s original interpretations, combining this with other period written descriptions, illustrations, paintings, and photographs taken at the time, hopefully getting a closer interpretation of the Turkish Army uniforms seen in the Crimea. Many of the library and museum collections provide a significant amount of information. However, much of this is not accurately dated. The dating of these often slip by two or three years, and up to a decade earlier or later. The illustrations presented in both volumes are based on this combination of materials.
This book looks at the development and organization of Turkish Army, Navy and Police uniforms from 1826 till the early 1850s. In 1826, use of Janissary as the main Soldier-type ended and new Soldiers were uniformed, organized, equipped and trained according to a European Model Army design. In 1826, following crushing of the Janissary Revolt, and their formal disbandment, the new Mansure Army, was formed under Abdul Mahmud II, 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire. Reforms continued throughout the first half of the 19th Century, till the era of Sultan Abdulmecid I, saw reorganization into the Nizamiye Army. Ongoing reforms substantially changed the Turkish Soldier’s appearance, and their system of rank insignia, and created the modern Turkish Army, familiar to historical enthusiasts in the Crimean, and later wars.
A hallmark of late 18th Century Turkish style of warfare was an initial attack by thousands of massed Cavalry as the main offensive force on the battlefield. Regarded as the best in Europe, and feared with some justification for their sword mastery and valor in battle, European tactics changed in the face of the Turkish Cavalry threat. The Kapikulu Ocaklari: Standing Army’s Cavalry consisted of Sultan’s Household Guard Regiments, Zirkhli: Cuirassier - Armoured Sipahi, Sipahi Light Cavalry or Lancers; Deli; Mameluke, Bedouin and Tatar Light Cavalry. New Order Army military reforms of Sultan Selim III (1789 till 1807), had by start of the Napoleonic Wars added several Provincial Mounted Regiments of Uskudar Barracks Trained Mounted Infantry, and ten Regiments of Paid Mounted Regulars, providing Light Cavalry or Lancers. This book also covers Cavalry weapons, equipment, and battle tactics.
This volume looks back into a huge expanse of time, identifying an historic juncture where feuding became warfare, that was fought by soldiers, during a long historical process called the crossing of the military threshold. This book examines the first tactics used in warfare, weapons and the transition from hunter-warriors to soldiers. Starting with the Neolithic, it then covers the Sumerians and the first micro-armies of soldiers. The process started during Late Neolithic urbanization, and the Chalcolithic (Copper Age), and was completed by the early Bronze Age with the appearance of King Sargon’s Royal Standing Army, around 2,334 BCE, and the warrior armies of the Amorite, Elamite, and Lullubi.
This book looks at uniforms, rank-system, and organization for a new type of Turkish Soldier, other than Janissary providing the main Soldier-type during the French Revolution, and Early Napoleonic Wars. Debut of the Levend Chiftlik Regiment in 1799, during the French siege of Acre, and in the British-Turkish campaign in Egypt to expel the French occupation, introduced the Nizam-i Cedid: New Order Army. Having its beginning as part of the reforms of Sultan Selim III (1789 till 1807), several Anatolian Infantry Regiments, a Field Artillery Regiment, and two Galeonjees: New Order Army Marine Regiments came into existence. The book also covers Arnaut: Albanian Infantry; late-18th Century Turkish Generalship and Officers’ command; Standing Army’s tactics; New Order Army Infantry Soldier’s weapons and equipment; and, the 1806 till 1807 events leading to the New Order Army’s suppression and demise of Sultan Selim III.
The Anglo-French-Ottoman Siege of Sevastopol, the Russian Naval Base in the Crimean, had been underway since October 1854. It had begun with the French and British landing at Eupatoria on 14 September 1854. The late joining of the Sardinian Expeditionary Corps (entering the war against Russia, on 26 January, 1855), arrived at Balaklava over May. The army of the Regno di Sardegna-Piemonte: the Kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont, was by the standards of the time, seen as modern, and one of the best in Europe. The Sardinian troops were relatively battle experienced, having been involved in the first wars of Italian unification in 1848. A total of 18,061 men, 3,963 horses, and mules, four fortress, and six field batteries, and war fleet came under the Sardinian command. These men showed great gallantry at the Battle of Tchernaya (16 August, 1855), and great engineering skills at the Siege of Sevastopol. Arrival of a large number of fresh experienced troops, at a time when the gruelling siege, and winter had taken a terrible cost on the Anglo-French-Ottoman Armies at Sevastopol, was likely timely. Within a month, the Russians retreated from Sevastopol bringing the siege to a conclusion, on the 9 September, 1855. Culminating with the Russian evacuation of the city, blowing up their forts and sinking their ships, on 11 September. The Sardinian Army continued to serve on the Crimean Peninsula till their embarkation in June, 1856.
After more than half-a-century of wars in Hungary, the conflict between the Habsburgs and the Sublime Porte explodes in 1593, after a series of border incidents. The confrontation was soon regarded as crucial by both sides, also involving the neighbouring states in a complex and ruthless game of diplomacy and betrayal. The organization and the equipment of the various armies of the protagonists of those campaigns are treated together, along with the military operations, and the warfare of the first modern conflict in Eastern Europe.
The International Brigades (Spanish: Brigadas Internacionales) were military units made up of volunteers from different countries, who traveled to Spain to fight for the Second Spanish Republic in the Spanish Civil War between 1936 and 1939.The number of combatant volunteers has been estimated at between 32,000–35,000, though with no more than about 20,000 active at any one time. A further 10,000 people probably participated in non-combatant roles and about 3,000–5,000 foreigners were members of CNT or POUM.[1] They came from a claimed "53 nations" to fight against the Spanish Falangist forces led by General Francisco Franco who was assisted by German and Italian forces.