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The Silurian dolomite aquifer in northeastern Wisconsin has significant anthropogenic contamination. This upper aquifer is karsted in the study area, which, along with thin overlying unconsolidated sediments, contributes to water quality concerns, including viruses, excess nitrates, bacteria, and “brown water” incidents. Some wells in the northwestern portion of the county utilize the deeper, confined Cambrian-Ordovician sandstone aquifer, which is less susceptible to surface contamination. This aquifer has been increasingly utilized in parts of nearby counties for the past 30 years, however little is known about the groundwater chemistry of the aquifer in these areas. This study of 17 wells provides the first water quality analysis of the sandstone aquifer and its suitability to be used as an alternative water supply. The three primary objectives of this study, in order to overall improve our understanding of groundwater resources in and near Kewaunee County, were to analyze the usefulness of depth-to-bedrock maps, determine statistically significant predictors of depth-to bedrock map using soil properties, and to conduct a preliminary assessment of the groundwater quality of the deep, confined sandstone aquifer present in northeastern Wisconsin. The depth-to-bedrock map produced by Luczaj, Houghton and Shea (2019) (hereafter referred to as Luczaj et al. (2019)) yielded significant differences from historic maps. Statistical analyses showed many strong relationships, but also showed that the soil properties of interest cannot be used alone to definitively predict depth-to-bedrock. Piper plots of the confined sandstone aquifer show that the groundwater is of no dominant type, as cations exist in relatively equal proportions, as do anions, although some samples could be classified as sulfate type. Many samples exceeded various health standards, including strontium and radium. Despite various exceedances, the results reveal that the confined sandstone aquifer is a viable source of potable water in the study area along with a variety of treatment methods.
Door County, Wisconsin, is a region suffering from significant groundwater contamination issues due to its vulnerable karst geology and existing anthropogenic land use activities. Current reasoning suggests implementing land use regulations defined by depth-to-bedrock conditions will be an effective tool for reducing groundwater quality impacts. The primary purpose of this project was to create an updated depth-to-bedrock map and bedrock surface elevation map for southern Door County. Additional products included in this research are an average water table elevation map, bedrock structural analysis maps, fracture trace maps, and field verification maps demonstrating the compatibility of direct (push probe, well construction reports, etc.) and indirect (geophysical) depth-to-bedrock mapping methods. Furthermore, this thesis attempted to incorporate much of the research done on the geology of the Niagara Escarpment and vulnerability of the Silurian dolomite aquifer from the era of early European settlement to the present day. Many aspects of the Silurian dolomite have already been thoroughly studied; however, data sources and key information from these projects still remain disjointed and need to be interwoven into a single comprehensible document. Numerous chapters have been written on the subject, but no one has compiled the metaphorical (and literal) book yet. This thesis aims to merge the concerns of vulnerable karst geology, anthropogenic land use, and groundwater quality protection and is anticipated to be a guiding document for researchers in other regions of the world addressing similar concerns.
This book discusses the karst and pseudokarst of the Upper Midwest, USA, consisting of the states of Minnesota, Wisconsin, Iowa, and Illinois—the first regional synthesis in 40 years. Starting with an overview of the regional geology of what is largely glaciated fluviokarst and paleokarst developed on Paleozoic carbonates, but including other lithologies such as the St. Peter Sandstone and the Ft. Dodge Gypsum, the caves, springs, sinkholes, and karst hydrogeology of each state are described. Special attention is devoted to the region’s longest caves: Coldwater Cave, Mystery Cave, and the Minnesota Cave Preserve caves. Application of tools such as data loggers and LiDAR, with new conceptual models such as hypogenic speleogenesis, has been transformative here. Special topics include lead and zinc mining in the Driftless Area, vertebrate and invertebrate cave fauna near the Laurentide ice limit, the impact and policies of nutrient and herbicide intensive modern agriculture on karst, and paleoclimate studies. The discovery, exploration, institutional history of caving organizations, and show caves of the Upper Midwest, from the year 1700 onwards, are brought up to date. The top 10 historical paradigms of cave and karst science in the Midwest are reviewed. Perspectives on paleontology, archeology, and Native American rock art are included.
Field Studies of Radon in Rocks, Soils, and Water focuses on the principal sources of indoor radon and detecting radon through geochemical and hydrological studies of ground water. The book addresses how to measure radon, covers geological field study techniques, and presents techniques for assessing radon potential. The geochemical and hydrological studies of ground water cover such areas as health effects and radionuclides in geology. Techniques for measuring radon in ground water are also provided. Field Studies of Radon in Rocks, Soils, and Water is an excellent practical guide for geologists, geochemists, ground water professionals, and geophysicists interested in radon. Features
Taking advantage of new technological advances in Quaternary geology and geomorphology, this volume showcases new developments in glacial geology. Honoring the legacy of Frank Leverett and F.B. Taylor's 1915 USGS monograph of the region, this book includes 12 chapters that cover diverse topics ranging from hydrogeology, near-surface geophysics, geotectonics, and vertebrate paleontology to glacial geomorphology and glacial history. Several papers make use of detailed but nuanced shaded relief maps of digital elevation models of LiDAR data; these advances are brought into historical perspective by visiting the history of geologic mapping of Michigan. Looking forward, interpretations of the shaded relief maps evoke novel processes, such as regional evolution of subglacial and supraglacial drainage systems of receding glacial margins. The volume also includes assessment of chronological issues in light of greater accuracy and precision of radiocarbon dating of plant fossils using accelerator mass spectrometry versus older techniques.
"This document is Part 2.5 of 12 parts of the official triennial compilation and publication of the adoptions, amendments and repeal of administrative regulations to California Code of Regulations, Title 24, also referred to as the California Building Standards Code. This part is known as the California Residential Code"--Preface.