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Desde hace al menos dos décadas, la noción de "hate crime" (delitos de odio) comenzó a difundirse en el mundo anglosajón como una nuevo concepto explicativo de los "delitos contra la sociodiversidad" (racismo, sexismo y xenofobia). En España, la difusión de la idea de odio como origen causal de este tipo de delitos ha llegado hace poco más de un lustro. Al atribuir la acción delictiva a una dimensión emocional subjetiva, la carga de la prueba recae en el sujeto. Otro error mayúsculo. El odio es usado como una idea fetiche similar a la de desviación. Seguimos sin aceptar que el delito es un acontecimiento social en el que todos estamos involucrados. Un acontecimiento que cambia con el contexto social que lo define. Ni la desviación, ni la emoción, ni la biología lo explican. La sociodiversidad ha sido atacada desde hace siglos y esas agresiones no han sido consideradas siempre delito; es más, hasta hace pocas décadas eran legítimas y legitimadas por la sociedad. El cambio de delitos en derecho en el marco de los derechos humanos es el eje de la reflexión. Este libro es un estudio sobre los "delitos contra la sociodiversidad" observados a la luz de las transformaciones de la explicación del delito que ha dado la criminología, la sociología y la psicología. Un punto de partida crítico para aquellos que trabajan en el ámbito de la criminología o de la seguridad.
La aporofobia, como manifestación del rechazo u odio hacia la persona en situación de pobreza, aparece hoy como un problema social significativo, tal como acreditan los datos e investigaciones realizadas por las distintas instituciones que trabajan sobre la materia. Siendo misión del Derecho penal lograr la tutela e intangibilidad de los bienes jurídicos más importantes frente a los ataques más intolerables, también desde este ámbito deben estudiarse las mejores vías de intervención frente al fenómeno de la delincuencia aporófoba, esto es, la presidida por motivos de odio contra estas personas. El Código Penal español, mediante la circunstancia agravante genérica del art. 22,4ª CP., recoge ciertos motivos discriminatorios cuya concurrencia en el delito al que apliquen tendrá el efecto de agravar la respuesta penal. Esta circunstancia, no obstante, no contempla actualmente las motivaciones aporófobas como causa de agravación. En esta obra se propone al legislador la tipificación de tales motivos en el art 22,4ª CP., desde una justificación apoyada en tres pilares: primero, la oportunidad de la intervención político-criminal a la luz de los alarmantes datos que aporta la sociología, tanto desde una óptica institucional como, sobre todo, personal. Segundo, la mayor necesidad de pena en supuestos de delincuencia aporófoba, desde un punto de vista eminentemente preventivo. Y tercero, el mayor merecimiento de sanción penal en estos casos, al conculcarse, además del interés tutelado por el delito base, el valor de la igualdad que se reconoce a todas las personas, lo que hace aumentar el desvalor del hecho desde el propio contenido de injusto del delito. Este libro aporta razones para motivar un cambio en la norma, pero también supone la primera guía interpretativa para la correcta aplicación de la cláusula por parte de los distintos operadores jurídicos, cuando se produzca dicho cambio. La investigación se ha desarrollado en el marco del Proyecto i+D “Hacia un modelo de justicia social: alternativas político-criminales” (RTI2018-095155-A-C22), dentro del proyecto coordinado “Aporofobia y Derecho penal” (RTI2018-095155-B-C21) del Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades.
The book shares the results of project research granted by the Castilla-La Mancha government, which has been composed by philosophers of law and criminal law researchers, whose main conclusions are represented by the manifestations and trends of the current crisis of the constitutional State. The works identify these trends and manifestations in order to develop alternatives and remedies to solve the current negation process that classical liberties are involved, from the point of view of philosophy, policy, and dogmatic.
Sociology and Human Rights: New Engagements is the first collection to focus on the contribution sociological approaches can make to analysis of human rights. Taking forward the sociology of human rights which emerged from the 1990s, it presents innovative analyses of global human rights struggles by new and established authors. The collection includes a range of new work addressing issues such as genocide in relation to indigenous peoples, rights-based approaches in development work, trafficking of children, and children’s rights in relation to political struggles for the decriminalisation of same-sex sexual activity in India. It examines contexts ranging from Rwanda and South Korea to Northern Ireland and the city of Barcelona. The collection as a whole will be of interest to students and academics working in various disciplines such as politics, law and social policy, and to practitioners working on human rights for various governmental and non-governmental organisations, as well as to sociologists seeking to develop understanding of the sociology of human rights. This book was published as a special issue of the International Journal of Human Rights.
This collection of chapters tracks and explains the impact of the nine core United Nations human rights treaties in 20 selected countries, four from each of the five UN regions. Researchers based in each of these countries were responsible for the chapters, in which they assess the influence of the treaties and treaty body recommendations on legislation, policies, court decisions and practices. By covering the 20 years between July 1999 and June 2019, this book updates a study done 20 years ago.
In this three-volume set, an international team of experts involved in the research, management, and mitigation of hate-motivated violence examines and explains hate crimes in the United States and around the globe, drawing comparisons between countries as well as between hate crimes overall and domestic terrorism. The Psychology of Hate Crimes as Domestic Terrorism: U.S. and Global Issues takes a hard look at hate crimes both domestically and internationally, enabling readers to see similarities and disparities as well as to make the connections between hate crimes and domestic terrorism. The entries in this three-volume set discuss subjects such as the psychology and motivation in hate crimes, the cultural norms that shape tolerance of outgroups or tolerance of hate, and the fact that hate crimes are a pervasive form of domestic terrorism, as well as myriad issues of proliferation, public policy, policing, law and punishment, and prevention. The set opens with an introduction that discusses hate crime research and examines issues of identification of the bias element of hate crimes via empirical and case vignettes. The subsequent chapters discuss subjects such as the socio-demographic profiles of hate crime offenders; hate crime legislation and policy in the United States; the effects of hate crime on their victims as well as society; the incidence of hate crime in specific regions, such as Europe, the Middle East, and South America; and programs and therapeutic interventions to heal victims. Readers will also learn how specific educational approaches in communities, schools, and universities can be implemented to help prevent future escalation of hate-motivated violence.
The Roma issue is generally treated as a European matter. Indeed, the Roma are the largest European minority—their presence outside of Europe is a result of various waves of migration over the past four hundred years. Likewise, the stereotypes associated with the Roma—the problematized, stigmatized status of a “Gypsy” as well as the historical and contemporary manifestations of antigypsyism—are also of European origin. This book claims, however, that the perception of Roma being strictly a European issue is flawed, and that re-connecting the Roma issue globally represents an important learning experience and an added value. The book offers a critical exploration of Romani political activism in Colombia and Argentina, and compares it to that in Spain, narrated from the intimate perspective of Romani actors themselves. By outlining parallel lineages of Romani activism in three countries and on two continents, the author arrives at broad conclusions regarding the nature of ethnic mobilization. Mirga-Kruszelnicka proposes a new synergetic conceptualization of this multidirectional concept as an interplay between political opportunities, mobilizing structures, and frames of identity. Contributing to the vivid debate about the relationship between the researcher and the researched, the book also includes an original discussion of the positionality of scholars of Romani background.