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Defrosting for Air Source Heat Pumps: Research, Analysis and Methods presents a detailed analysis of the methods, processes and problems relating to defrosting, a necessary requirement to maintain the performance of ASHP units. Readers will gain a deeper understanding of control strategies and system design optimization methods that improve the performance and reliability of units. The book discusses the most recent experimental and numerical studies of reverse cycle defrosting and the most widely used defrosting method for ASHP. Techno-economic considerations are also presented, as is the outlook for the future. This book is a valuable resource for research students and academics of thermal energy and mechanical engineering, especially those focusing on defrosting for ASHP, heating, ventilation and energy efficiency, as well as engineers and professionals engaged in the development and management of heat pump machinery. Includes MATLAB codes that allow the reader to implement the knowledge they have acquired in their own simulations and projects Discusses experimental and numerical studies to provide a well-rounded analysis of technologies, methods and available systems Presents techno-economic considerations and a look to the future
Defrosting for Air Source Heat Pumps: Research, Analysis and Methods presents a detailed analysis of the methods, processes and problems relating to defrosting, a necessary requirement to maintain the performance of ASHP units. Readers will gain a deeper understanding of control strategies and system design optimization methods that improve the performance and reliability of units. The book discusses the most recent experimental and numerical studies of reverse cycle defrosting and the most widely used defrosting method for ASHP. Techno-economic considerations are also presented, as is the outlook for the future. This book is a valuable resource for research students and academics of thermal energy and mechanical engineering, especially those focusing on defrosting for ASHP, heating, ventilation and energy efficiency, as well as engineers and professionals engaged in the development and management of heat pump machinery. Includes MATLAB codes that allow the reader to implement the knowledge they have acquired in their own simulations and projects Discusses experimental and numerical studies to provide a well-rounded analysis of technologies, methods and available systems Presents techno-economic considerations and a look to the future
Frosting adversely affects the performance of air-coils under adverse conditions. This report surveys the literature in this field with applications such as air-source heat pumps, refrigeration cooling and freezing coils, and heat recovery ventilators. Since the heat and mass transfer characteristics of a coil will significantly influence the process of frosting, many references pertain to the dry and wet heat transfer of finned-tube air-coils. Furthermore, the change in pressure drop and air flow caused by frosting is a major factor in determining the drop in coil capacity. Therefore the survey also lists references to coil pressure drop. The report contains a literature survey part, a technical index and an alphabetical author index. The survey part discusses some of the most important references based, among other things, on the frequency with which they appear in the reference lists of other authors. In the technical index, references are sorted according to their relevance on topics such as heat and mass transfer, frosting, defrosting, defrost control, as well as standards and test methods. Finally, the alphabetical author index simply gives all the references in alphabetical order according to the name of the first author. A total of 738 references are listed. In some cases, however, the references may seem rather peripheral to the subject of frosted coils. This is particularly the case regarding practical experience. Such information is often subordinate to a lot of general operational information regarding refrigeration and heat pump equipment. Nonetheless, such references are worthwhile for the researcher to consider since they provide an important link between the engineering and the research communities.
Frosting of air-coils is an important factor in the design and operation of air-source heat pumps, heat recovery ventilators, cooling and refrigeration equipment etc. This report presents results from laboratory testing of two brine-cooled air-coils under frosting conditions. The coils have the same number of plane, continuos fins, 4 tube rows with 12 tubes in each row, tube spacing of 50 mm and fin spacing of 3 and 6 mm respectively. The original purpose of the test program was to compare various possible indicators of coil frosting and to analyze the possible effects of different control strategies on coil capacity and the COP of the system (the analysis will be presented in a separate report). Tests involved inlet air temperatures of -7 and +2 degrees Celsius, variation of humidity between 70 and 100 % RH (including simulated rain), velocities in the range 1 to 4 m/s, and specific cooling loads from 50 to 150 W/m2. Test results include variations due to frosting of e.g. cooling capacity, COP, air flow and pressure drop, fan power, air outlet temperature and humidity, coil temperature, frost mass, and frosting time. Results also include the subsequently required defrost time, defrost energy and collected mass of defrost water. The frosting process was interrupted when the air flow had decreased to 30 % of the original value with a non-frosted coil. The results clearly show the advantage of demand controlled defrosting with variations in frosting time between 2 h with high humidity/high specific cooling load up to, for practical purposes, infinite frosting times with low humidity/low specific cooling load. The accumulated frost mass during one frosting cycle varied from less than 0.02 kg/m2 up to approximately 0.4 kg/m2.
Frosting for Air Source Heat Pumps: Research, Case Studies, and Methods provides a comprehensive accounting of the latest research, analysis, and modeling methods for limiting frosting and maximizing efficiency. The book begins by outlining the fundamentals of frosting mechanisms, including the condensation and freezing of water droplets. It then provides a wide range of case studies that showcase a variety of surfaces, conditions, and energy generation technologies. Finally, the last chapters demonstrate modeling and analysis of frosting operation before laying out critical considerations for designing a frost control strategy in ASHPs. Building on the theory and studies contained in the author’s previous work Defrosting for Air Source Heat Pumps, this book provides essential and advanced information for understanding and controlling frosting for these sustainable energy sources. Outlines the fundamentals of frosting mechanisms in different circumstances and on a variety of surfaces Provides a wide range of real-world case studies, including demonstrations of analysis and modeling in finned tube heat exchangers and ASHPs Details a huge collection of experimental and numerical data on reverse cycle defrosting, the most common defrosting methods for ASHPs
Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heat Pumps, Fifth Edition, provides a comprehensive introduction to the principles and practice of refrigeration. Clear and comprehensive, it is suitable for both trainee and professional HVAC engineers, with a straightforward approach that also helps inexperienced readers gain a comprehensive introduction to the fundamentals of the technology. With its concise style and broad scope, the book covers most of the equipment and applications professionals will encounter. The simplicity of the descriptions helps users understand, specify, commission, use, and maintain these systems. It is a must-have text for anyone who needs thorough, foundational information on refrigeration and air conditioning, but without textbook pedagogy. It includes detailed technicalities or product-specific information. New material to this edition includes the latest developments in refrigerants and lubricants, together with updated information on compressors, heat exchangers, liquid chillers, electronic expansion valves, controls, and cold storage. In addition, efficiency, environmental impact, split systems, retail refrigeration (supermarket systems and cold rooms), industrial systems, fans, air infiltration, and noise are also included. Full theoretical and practical treatment of current issues and trends in refrigeration and air conditioning technology Meets the needs of industry practitioners and system designers who need a rigorous, but accessible reference to the latest developments in refrigeration and AC that is supported by coverage at a level not found in typical course textbooks New edition features updated content on refrigerants, microchannel technology, noise, condensers, data centers, and electronic control