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Slide 1 Decentralization and Gender Equity Enid Slack Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto to Inter-Regional Dialogue on Local Governance and Gender in Decentralizing and Transitioning States Sponsored by the Forum of Federations Funded by the Government of Canada Tunis December 18, 2013 Introduction Decentralization is a way to bring. [...] South Asia) Failure of central governments to provide effective public services 8 Benefits of Decentralization Efficiency from moving government closer to the people; services reflect local preferences Greater accountability Increased responsiveness on the part of local governments who are responsible to the people who elected them Improved service delivery Increased local participatio. [...] South Africa, Uganda) 25 What is the Role of Women in Decentralization? Different approaches - More likely to include women and incorporate citizen input - More likely to emphasize communication - More likely to perceive themselves as "facilitators" - Place a higher value on compromise 26 What is the Impact of Decentralization on Women? Benefit from service delivery improvements that governmen. [...] health, primary schools, low-cost water and sanitation services) Benefit from increased accountability at local level Decentralization provides more "access points" for local participation 27 What is the Impact of Decentralization on Women? Women have greater affinity for "politics where we live" and engaging in policy issues that affect them and their families (e.g. [...] schools) Political parties have been reluctant to run female candidates; local politics is often non- partisan 28 What is the Impact of Decentralization on Women? Local elections generally have lower campaign costs; smaller financial hurdles for women Less arduous time and travel commitments Gain valuable experience; increase chances of being elected at the state or federal level Create.
Slide 1 Concepts of Decentralization and Local Governance Enid Slack Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance Munk School of Global Affairs, University of Toronto to Inter-Regional Dialogue on Local Governance and Gender in Decentralizing and Transitioning States Sponsored by the Forum of Federations Funded by the Government of Canada Tunis February 14, 2014 Introduction Decentralization is. [...] South Asia) Failure of central governments to provide effective public services 7 Benefits of Decentralization Efficiency from moving government closer to the people; services reflect local preferences Greater accountability Increased responsiveness on the part of local governments who are responsible to the people who elected them Improved service delivery Increased local participatio. [...] access to water, health care, housing) - Gender budgeting to ensure spending on services to women is maintained 26 What is the Role of Women in Decentralization? Different approaches - More likely to include women and incorporate citizen input - More likely to emphasize communication - More likely to perceive themselves as "facilitators" - Place a higher value on compromise 27 What is the Impact. [...] health, primary schools, low-cost water and sanitation services) Benefit from increased accountability at local level Decentralization provides more "access points" for local participation 28 What is the Impact of Decentralization on Women? Women have greater affinity for "politics where we live" and engaging in policy issues that affect them and their families (e.g. [...] schools) Political parties have been reluctant to run female candidates; local politics is often non- partisan 29 What is the Impact of Decentralization on Women? Local elections generally have lower campaign costs; smaller financial hurdles for women Less arduous time and travel commitments Gain valuable experience; increase chances of being elected at the national level Create higher c.
Toronto amalgamation Provincial legislation determines municipal responsibilities and what taxes municipalities can levy Provincial governments set standards for service provision Municipalities cannot run an operating deficit Municipal borrowing is restricted Unconditional transfers: per capita and equalization Conditional transfers: mainly for social services (Ontario), transportatio. [...] TOOLS TO ENCOURAGE MUNICIPAL COOPERATION Tax base sharing Pooling borrowing Inter-municipal agreements/cost sharing Development charges Special purpose bodies Conditional transfers Public-private partnerships TAX BASE SHARING WHAT IS IT? Sharing of growth in the tax base Each municipality contributes a portion of its tax base to a regional pool % of base or % of growth in the b. [...] PAUL, US 2.8 million people 2 central cities; 7 counties; 143 cities; 43 townships; 48 school districts Minnesota Fiscal Disparities Act passed in 1971 to address increasing property tax rates, tax base and rate disparities, and inter-jurisdictional competition for development Opposition to the bill in the courts Tax base sharing finally went into effect in 1975 TAX BASE SHARING HOW DOES. [...] if a community is below the average market value, they receive a larger share of the pool) Commercial/industrial property taxed at local rate and area-wide rate; area-wide rate reduces differences across the region TAX BASE SHARING WHAT ARE THE ADVANTAGES? Way for communities to share in community's growth Reduces competition for tax base Does not alter structure of local governments or re. [...] computers, office supplies Shared use of in-house legal counsel Shared use of planner VICTORIA, CANADA Inter-municipal business licensing COST SHARING WHAT ARE THE ADVANTANGES? Potential for cost saving Ability to deal with peak and non-peak periods Access to improved levels of expertise Maintains local autonomy but ...
Finance and Governance of Capital Cities in Federal Systems Enid Slack Director, Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance, Munk Centre for International Studies, University of Toronto and Rupak Chattopadhyay Vice President, Forum of Federations February 11, 2010 Overview of Presentation Background Forum of Federations Policy context for the book 11 capital cities Capital cities. [...] public security, transportation and parks) Keen competition among cities to be the capital; compensation for those who lose out 11 Governing Structure Federal Districts City-States City within a province/state Abuja Addis Ababa Canberra Delhi Mexico City Washington, DC Berlin Brussels Bern Ottawa Tshwane/ Cape Town 12 Federal Districts National seat of government not under jurisdiction of an. [...] Ottawa) No federal compensation for capital cities (Tshwane and Cape Town) Costs directly assumed by federal government (e.g. [...] with respect to federal compensation and government structure Different models have worked in different places at different times 20 Final Observations: Issues Balance national interests and local interests Federal compensation for capital city functions Revenue shortage for cities that rely on property taxes Geographic boundaries of the capital do not generally coincide with econom. [...] security Property taxes or payments in lieu on federal properties Cooperation with neighbouring municipalities 22.
The aim of this timely work, which appears in the wake of the worst global financial crisis since the late 1920s, is to bring together high quality research-based contributions from leading international scholars involved in constructing a geographical perspective on money. Topics covered include the crisis, the spatial circuits of finance, regulation, mainstream financial markets (banking, equity, etc), through to the various ‘alternative’ and ‘disruptive’ forms of money that have arisen in recent years. It will be of interest to geographers, political scientists, sociologists, economists, planners and all those interested in how money shapes and reshapes socio-economic space and conditions local and regional development.
Enid Slack is the director of the Institute on Municipal Finance and Governance and an adjunct professor at the Munk School of Global Affairs at the University of Toronto. [...] From a municipal finance perspective, the unique characteristics of large cities and metropolitan areas have implications for the magnitude and complexity of the expenditures that local governments in those areas are required to make on municipal services, as well as their ability to pay for services. [...] At the same time, large central cities may benefit from lower expenditures per capita for metropolitan services to the extent that they can take advantage of economies of scale in service provision.7 Empirical evidence on the existence of economies of scale is mixed, however, depending on the service in question and the units of measurement (e.g., jurisdiction size or size of the facility) (Fox an. [...] What Are the Appropriate Revenue Sources for Large Cities? In general, the revenue sources available to large cities and metropolitan areas should reflect the expenditure responsibilities they are required to undertake: according to the European Charter of Local Self-Government, "local authorities' financial resources shall be commensurate with the responsibilities provided for by the constitution. [...] Where the benefits of a capital investment (for example, the construction of a water treatment plant) are enjoyed over a long period of time-say 25 years-it is both fair and efficient to pay for the project at least in part by borrowing, so that the stream of benefits matches the stream of costs through the payment of debt charges.