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Drawn from a symposium of the 210th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society held in Chicago in August 1995, this volume is meant to serve as a practical reference focusing on testing for the main hydrocarbon-conversion processes applied in oil refineries: catalytic cracking, hydroprocessing, and reforming. The volume contains 31 contributions divided into the following categories: an overview, catalyst deactivation by coke, deactivation of fluid catalytic cracking catalysts, deactivation of reforming catalysts, deactivation of hydroprocessing catalysts, testing of catalyst performance, and modeling of catalyst performance. Amply illustrated with bandw diagrams. Annotation copyright by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Catalyst Deactivation 1997 focused on 9 key topical areas: carbon deposition and coke formation, chemicals, environmental catalysis, modeling, petroleum processing, poisoning, syngas conversion, techniques, and thermal degradation. All of these areas were well represented at the meeting; moreover, several review articles were presented that provide perspectives on new research and development thrusts. The proceedings of the meeting are organized with six review and award articles at the front of the volume followed by topical articles a keynote, 5-6 oral, and 2-3 poster papers. A list of authors is provided at the end of the book. It should be emphasized that all of the papers were ranked and reviewed by members of the Scientific Committee.
This proceedings contains the papers presented at the 9th International Symposium on Catalyst Deactivation, held in Lexington, KY, USA, on 7-10 October 2001.
Written by a team of internationally recognized experts, this book addresses the most important types of catalytic reactions and catalysts as used in industrial practice. Both applied aspects and the essential scientific principles are described. The main topics can be summarized as follows: heterogeneous, homogeneous and biocatalysis, catalyst preparation and characterization, catalytic reaction engineering and kinetics, catalyst deactivation and industrial perspective.
Handbook of Spent Hydroprocessing Catalysts, Second Edition, covers all aspects of spent hydroprocessing catalysts, both regenerable and non-regenerable. It contains detailed information on hazardous characteristics of spent and regenerated catalysts. The information forms a basis for determining processing options to make decisions on whether spent catalysts can be either reused on refinery site after regeneration or used as the source of new materials. For non-regenerable spent catalysts, attention is paid to safety and ecological implications of utilizing landfill and other waste handling and storage options to ensure environmental acceptance. As such, this handbook can be used as a benchmark document to develop threshold limits of regulated species. - Includes experimental results and testing protocols which serve as a basis for the development of methodologies for the characterization of solid wastes - Presents a database which assists researchers in selecting/designing research projects on spent catalysts, i.e., regeneration vs. rejuvenation and metal reclamation - Provides the environmental laws, acts, and liabilities to raise awareness in safety and health issues in all aspects of spent catalysts - Contains solid waste management procedures specific to hydroprocessing that serve as a model for designing research projects in other solid waste areas
Catalyst production for the transformation of crudes into gasoline and other fuel products is a billion dollar/year business and fluid cracking catalysts (FCCs) represent almost half of the refinery catalyst market. During the cracking reactions, the FCC surface is contaminated by metals (Ni, V, Fe, Cu, Na) and by coke deposition. As a result, the catalyst activity and product selectivity is reduced to unacceptable levels thus forcing refiners to replace part of the recirculating equilibrium FCC inventory with fresh FCC to compensate for losses in catalyst performance. About 1,100 tons/day of FCC are used worldwide in over 200 fluid cracking catalyst units (FCCUs). It is for these reasons that refiners' interest in FCC research has remained high through the years almost independantly, of crude oil prices. However, recent oil company mergers and the dissolution of research laboratories, have drastically decreased the number of researchers involved in petroleum refining research projects; as a result the emphasis of research has shifted from new materials to process improvements and this trend is clearly reflected in the type of papers contained in this volume. Modern spectroscopic techniques continue to be essential in the understanding of catalyst performance and several chapters in the book describe the use of 27Al, 29Si and 13C NMR to study variation in FCC acidity during aging and coke deposition. In addition several chapters have been dedicated to the modeling of FCC deactivation, and to the understanding of contact times on FCC performance. Refiners efforts to conform with environmental regulations are reflected in chapters dealing with sulfur removal, metals contaminants and olefin generation.
This monograph represents a tribute to the late Prof. Karl Gschneidner, well known as “Mr. Rare Earth”, distinguished Professor of Materials Science and Engineering at the Iowa State University, a Senior Metallurgist at the Ames Laboratory, and the Chief Scientist of the Critical Materials Institute. Topics covered include Rare Earth Glass Spectroscopy, Treating Skin Diseases, Prospective Rare Earth Applications, Optical Information Storage, Diagnostic Imaging, Nanoparticles in Glasses, and ZnO Nanomaterials. Keywords: Fiber Lasers, Luminescent Pathway, Forensic Applications, Rejuvenating Skin, Health Imaging, FCC Catalyst, Energy Transfer, Rare Earth Phosphors.
Since 1987, the Petroleum Division of the American Chemical Society (ACS) has sponsored at 3 year intervals an international symposium on fluid cracking catalysts (FCC) technology. This volume collects the recent progress of this technology as reported in the papers presented during the 232th National Meeting of the ACS in San Francisco, September 10-14, 2006.Sixty-six years after the introduction of the fluid cracking catalyst process, it remains the main process of gasoline generation for the estimated 237 millions cars on US roads. Catalysts testing and evaluation still remains a subject of interest, debate and controversy. Lambda sweep testing, testing of SOx, NOx and combustion promoters have been discussed in details together with catalyst evaluation for atmospheric residues and metal contaminated oils cracking.Of particular interest has been the introduction of novel concept in process design aimed at improving cracked product selectivity such as two-stage risers for better gasoline and olefins production and downer technology for high severity processes . The importance of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) in the study of crude oils, catalysts and reaction products are illustrated by several examples. Two contributions describe the use of predictive methods to understand FCC aging and deactivationand personal overviews of the development of SOx and combustion promoters technology are presented.* Presents findings from the tri-annual international symposium on fluid cracking catalysts (FCC) technology, sponsored by the Petroleum Division of the American Chemical Society (ACS) * Two contributions describe the use of predictive methods to understand FCC aging and deactivation* Personal overviews by the authors of the development of SOx and combustion promoters technology
This volume looks at the recent progress of this technology as reported in the 21 papers presented during the 219th National Meeting of the ACS in New York, September 5-11, 2003.In addition, the volume focuses on the use of modern spectroscopic techniques for the generation of detailed structural analysis required for the advancement of the science of FCC design.Other chapters look at the use and importance of solid state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), microcalorimetry and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to the study of FCCs and discussing strategies to control pollutant emissions from a refinery FCCU and looking at advances in FCC preparation.
Catalytic Naphtha Reforming, Second Edition presents modern, crystal-clear explanations of every aspect of this critical process for generating high-octane reformate products for gasoline blending and production of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX) aromatics. The book details the chemistry of naphtha reforming, the preparation and characterization of catalysts, and the very latest commercial technologies and industrial applications. With more than 300 tables and figures, it addresses the development of new catalysts and revamp process improvements propelled by regulations on sulfur, benzene, and oxygenate content in gasoline and refinery pressure to maximize utilization of existing assets.