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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le domaine de l'ingénierie des systèmes multi-utilisateurs. Dans notre modèle conceptuel, un système multi-utilisateur repose sur la combinaison de trois espaces fonctionnels : l'espace de production, l'espace de coordination et l'espace de communication. Ce dernier espace, la communication entre individus, fait l'objet de notre étude et définit la communication homme-homme médiatisée. L'approche adoptée s'articule en trois niveaux : les principes, issus des sciences non-informatiques (psychologie, sociologie, éthique, etc.), les propriétés issues des principes et destinées à guider la conception et évaluer la réalisation, et enfin les techniques de mise en oeuvre informatique. Les principes traduisent les contributions de sciences non-informatiques comme les sciences sociales ou la psychologie cognitive à notre domaine d'étude. L'expérimentation psychologique Garden Movie, qui étudie l'influence de la disposition des caméras et de la surface de travail dans une tâche collecticielle, illustre l'utilisation des principes. Les propriétés sont des caractéristiques objectives et vérifiables d'un système informatique dont le choix est guidé par les principes. Nous proposons des propriétés pour les systèmes multi-utilisateurs et les systèmes de communication homme-homme médiatisée. Les propriétés permettent de guider la conception ainsi que l'étude de l'utilisabilité d'un système. Nous présentons la plate-forme d'observation du comportement des utilisateurs et Magicien d'Oz NEIMO pour l'étude expérimentale de l'utilisabilité. Nous illustrons son utilisation pour les systèmes de communication homme-homme médiatisée avec l'expérience Supratel. Les techniques comprennent deux volets : les modèles d'architecture logicielle guident la réalisation et les outils permettent la réalisation effective. Le choix des techniques est guide par les propriétés que le système doit vérifier. Nous présentons une grille d'analyse des modèles d'architecture logicielle pour les systèmes multi-utilisateurs que nous utilisons pour évaluer les modèles proposés dans la littérature. Constatant qu'aucun n'intègre harmonieusement les trois espaces de notre modèle conceptuel et l'insuffisance des modèles pour la communication homme-homme médiatisée, nous présentons CoPAC, un modèle d'architecture logicielle pour les systèmes multi-utilisateurs et la communication médiatisée. Nous illustrons sa mise en oeuvre avec la réalisation de notre médiaspace VideoPort. En ce qui concerne les outils, nous décrivons la réalisation de la bibliothèque UserLink pour la communication de médias continus. Nous proposons aussi la taxonomie IMPACT pour l'analyse des outils de communication homme-homme médiatisée
The aim of IFIP Working Group 2.7 (13.4) for User Interface Engineering is to investigate the nature, concepts and construction of user interfaces for software systems. The group's scope is: • developing user interfaces based on knowledge of system and user behaviour; • developing frameworks for reasoning about interactive systems; and • developing engineering models for user interfaces. Every three years, the group holds a "working conference" on these issues. The conference mixes elements of a regular conference and a workshop. As in a regular conference, the papers describe relatively mature work and are thoroughly reviewed. As in a workshop, the audience is kept small, to enable in-depth discussions. The conference is held over 5-days (instead of the usual 3-days) to allow such discussions. Each paper is discussed after it is presented. A transcript of the discussion is found at the end of each paper in these proceedings, giving important insights about the paper. Each session was assigned a "notes taker", whose responsibility was to collect/transcribe the questions and answers during the session. After the conference, the original transcripts were distributed (via the Web) to the attendees and modifications that clarified the discussions were accepted.
The theme of the 1997 INTERACT conference, 'Discovering New Worlds ofHCI', signals major changes that are taking place with the expansion of new technologies into fresh areas of work and leisure throughout the world and new pervasive, powerful systems based on multimedia and the internet. HCI has a vital role to play in these new worlds, to ensure that people using the new technologies are empowered rather than subjugated to the technology that they increasingly have to use. In addition, outcomes from HCI research studies over the past 20 years are now finding their way into many organisations and helping to improve and enhance work practices. These factors have strongly influenced the INTERACT'97 Committee when creating the conference programme, with the result that, besides the more traditional HCI research and education focus found in previous INTERACT conferences, one strand of the 1997 conference has been devoted to industry and another to multimedia. The growth in the IFIP TCI3 committee itself reflects the expansion ofHCI into new worlds. Membership oflFIP TC13 has risen to now include representatives of 24 IFIP member country societies from many parts of the world. In 1997, IFIP TCl3 breaks new ground by holding its sixth INTERACT conference in the Asia-Pacific region. This is a significant departure from previous INTERACT conferences, that were all held in Europe, and is especially important for the Asia-Pacific region, as HCI expands beyond its traditional base.
The papers collected here are those selected for presentation at the Eighth IFIP Conference on Engineering for Human-Computer Interaction (EHCI 2001) held in Toronto, Canada in May 2001. The conference is organized by the International Federation of Information Processing (IFIP) Working Group 2.7 (13.4) for Interface User Engineering, Rick Kazman being the conference chair, Nicholas Graham and Philippe Palanque being the chairs of the program committee. The conference was co-located with ICSE 2001 and co-sponsored by ACM. The aim of the IFIP working group is to investigate the nature, concepts, and construction of user interfaces for software systems. The group's scope is: • to develop user interfaces based on knowledge of system and user behavior; • to develop frameworks for reasoning about interactive systems; and • to develop engineering models for user interfaces. Every three years, the working group holds a working conference. The Seventh one was held September 14-18 1998 in Heraklion, Greece. This year, we innovated by organizing a regular conference held over three days.
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 15th International Conference of the Pacific Association for Computational Linguistics, PACLING 2017, held in Yangon, Myanmar, in August 2017. The 28 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 50 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on semantics and semantic analysis; statistical machine translation; corpora and corpus-based language processing; syntax and syntactic analysis; document classification; information extraction and text mining; text summarization; text and message understanding; automatic speech recognition; spoken language and dialogue; speech pathology; speech analysis.
This book developed from an IFIP workshop which brought together methods and architecture researchers in Human Computer Interaction and Software Engineering. To an extent this introduction is a little unfair to the authors, as we have distilled the results of the workshop to give the reader a perspective of the problems within integrated approaches to usability engineering. The papers could not hope to address all ofthe issues; however, we hope that a framework will help the reader gainfurther insights into current research andfuture practice. The initial motivation was to bring together researchers and practitioners to exchange their experiences on Graphical User Interface (Gill) design problems. The two groups represented methodological and architecture/tools interests, so the workshop focused on intersection of how methods can support user interface development and vice versa, how tools, architectures and reusable components can empower the design process. There is, we believe, a constructive tension between these two communities. Methodologists tend to approach the design problem with task/domain/organisational analysis while the tool builders suggest design empowerment/envisioning as a means ofimproving the way users work rather than relying on analysis ofcurrent systems. This debate revolves around the questions of whether users' current work is optimal, or whether designers have the insight to empower users by creating effective solutions to their problems. Tool builders typically want to build something, then get the users to try it, while the methodologists want to specify something, validate it and then build it.
Présente la plupart des techniques pour étudier l'activité d'un utilisateur qui interagit avec un outil informatique (analyse par observation du comportement des utilisateurs, puis adaptation des techniques à l'objectif de conception et d'évaluation d'une interface...). De nombreux exemples illustrent clairement les diverses techniques présentées.