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A report on the small but unique assemblage of ivory objects that were discovered between 1957 and 1974 in northwestern Iran and all date prior to 800 BC when the site was sacked.
This book addresses the problem of how to study mobile peoples using archaeological techniques. It deals not only with the prehistory of nomads but also with current issues in theory and methodology.
The classic images of Iranian nomads in circulation today and in years past suggest that Western awareness of nomadism is a phenomenon of considerable antiquity. Though nomadism has certainly been a key feature of Iranian history, it has not been in the way most modern archaeologists have envisaged it. Nomadism in Iran recasts our understanding of this "timeless" tradition. Far from constituting a natural adaptation on the Iranian Plateau, nomadism is a comparatively late introduction, which can only be understood within the context of certain political circumstances. Since the early Holocene, most, if not all, agricultural communities in Iran had kept herds of sheep and goat, but the communities themselves were sedentary: only a few of their members were required to move with the herds seasonally. Though the arrival of Iranian speaking groups, attested in written sources beginning in the time of Herodutus, began to change the demography of the plateau, it wasn't until later in the eleventh century that an influx of Turkic speaking Oghuz nomadic groups-"true" nomads of the steppe-began the modification of the demography of the Iranian Plateau that accelerated with the Mongol conquest. The massive, unprecedented violence of this invasion effected the widespread distribution of largely Turkic-speaking nomadic groups across Iran. Thus, what has been interpreted in the past as an enduring pattern of nomadic land use is, by archaeological standards, very recent. Iran's demographic profile since the eleventh century AD, and more particularly in the nineteenth and twentieth century, has been used by some scholars as a proxy for ancient social organization. Nomadism in Iran argues that this modernist perspective distorts the historical reality of the land. Assembling a wealth of material in several languages and disciplines, Nomadism in Iran will be invaluable to archaeologists, anthropologists, and historians of the Middle East and Central Asia.
"Since the pieces shown are representative of the arts and cultures of the ancient world from Italy to Persia and cover a period of more than three thousand years, the entries in this catalog have been arranged in broad geographical and chronological groupings. Further, an attempt has been made in each entry to provide some general background about the peoples who made the objects, and the times in which they lived. Each of the objects in the exhibition is illustrated in the catalog. In selecting comparative materials, the emphasis has been on pieces readily accessible in American institutions, particularly those in the New York and Boston areas."--Preface, p. 9.
A great metropolis of the ancient world, "golden" Sardis was the place where legendary Croesus ruled, where coinage was invented. Since 1958 an archaeological team has been working at the site to retrieve evidence of the rich Lydian culture as well as of the prehistoric Anatolian settlement and the Hellenistic and Roman civilizations that followed the Lydian kingdom. Here is a comprehensive and fully illustrated account of what the team has learned, presented by the eminent archaeologist who led the expedition. George Hanfmann and his collaborators survey the environment of Sardis, the crops and animal life, the mineral resources, the industries for which the city was famed, and the pattern of settlement. The history of Sardis is then reconstructed, from the early Bronze Age to Late Antiquity. Archaeologists who have done the excavating contribute descriptions of shops and houses, graves, the precinct and Altar of Artemis, the Acropolis, gold-working installations and techniques, the bath and gymnasium complex, and the Synagogue. The material finds are studied in the context of other evidence, and there emerges an overall picture of the Lydian society, culture, and religion, the Greek and subsequently the Roman impact, the Jewish community, and the Christianization of Sardis. Historians of the ancient world will find this account invaluable.
Periods of World History: a Latin American Perspective is the first serious attempt to write a world history narrative in which Latin America receives serious consideration. The chronology of the work covers the normative period of world history to date?1800 B.C. to 1800 A.D. During this time, differentiation of world societies was at its height. The six civilized core areas of the ecumene interacted but were not moving toward uniformity as was characteristic of the first phase of world history?Theocratic civilizations 3500-1500 B.C. Over the last two centuries, global societies have also tended to coalesce because of westernization, industrialism, nationalism, ideology, and the media. During the normative phase of human history, Latin America moved from being a periphery of Afro-Eurasia to the status of becoming the economic crucible of Spain's vast Catholic monarchy, which was the ecumene's first global power (1492-1648 A.D.), Latin America was again reduced to peripheral status. Periods of World History explains these processes in the larger context of a truly global historical narrative, and as such makes an extraordinary contribution to understanding human social development. Charles Truxillo is a professor of Chicano Studies at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. He received his Ph.D. in Latin American history at UNM, and has published two other books, History of Islam, and By the Sword and the Cross. Dr. Truxillo is dedicated to teaching Chicano Studies in the context of Latin America and world history.