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This is the first of a two-part history of German clandestine activities in South America in World War II. In this first volume, the author, Mr. David Mowry, identifies and presents a thorough account of German intelligence organizations engaged in clandestine work in South America, and a well-researched, detail report of the U.S. response to the perceived threat. This perception was, as Mr. Mowry alludes to in his conclusions, far greater than any actual danger. Mr. Mowry's conclusions, in general, are somewhat understated. It seems fairly clear from the evidence that the Germans never expected a great deal from their agents in South America or even in the United States in World War II. The lack of German espionage activity in these areas in WWII stands in stark contrast to the bombings and other activities which occurred during WWI. Perhaps these WWI experiences influenced U.S. policy makers to the extent that they overestimated the danger in WWI. In fact, it might be suggested that South America and the United States were not the major threats of German clandestine activity in WWII, but that Europe, England, North Africa, and the Middle East offered far more potential for beneficial results. An examination of clandestine activities in these areas might produce different conclusions. One might also comment on the extraordinary activity that took place between and among U.S. intelligence organizations in the fact of so small and unsuccessful a German effort. In addition to concluding that it had little effect on the outcome of the war, one might also have noted the similarities characterizing the nature of the relationships. Specifically, this includes the relationships in the broader COMINT field during and after the war.
This official government publication investigates the impact of the Holocaust on the Western powers' intelligence-gathering community. It explains the archival organization of wartime records accumulated by the U.S. Army's Signal Intelligence Service and Britain's Government Code and Cypher School. It also summarizes Holocaust-related information intercepted during the war years.
Protesters called it an act of war when the U.S. Coast Guard sank a Canadian-flagged vessel in the Gulf of Mexico in 1929. It took a cool-headed codebreaker solving a "trunk-full" of smugglers' encrypted messages to get Uncle Sam out of the mess: Elizebeth Smith Friedman's groundbreaking work helped prove the boat was owned by American gangsters. This book traces the career of a legendary U.S. law enforcement agent, from her work for the Allies during World War I through Prohibition, when she faced danger from mobsters while testifying in high profile trials. Friedman founded the cryptanalysis unit that provided evidence against American rum runners and Chinese drug smugglers. During World War II, her decryptions brought a Japanese spy to justice and her Coast Guard unit solved the Enigma ciphers of German spies. Friedman's "all source intelligence" model is still used by law enforcement and counterterrorism agencies against 21st century threats.
This important NSA publication provides a historical guide to German clandestine activities in South America in World War II. It identifies and presents a thorough account of German intelligence organizations engaged in clandestine work in South America, and a well-researched, detailed report of the U.S. response to the perceived threat. PART I * GERMAN CLANDESTINE ACTIVITIES * Table of Contents * Foreword * Chapter 1: The German Intelligence Services * Perspective * The Abwehr * The Reich Security Administration * Chapter 2: Axis Agent Operations in Latin America * SARGO * The Brazilian Nets * Regrouping * The Chilean Nets * Operation JOLLE * MERCATOR I and MERCATORII * The Planning for Operation JOLLE * The End of Operation JOLLE * The Benefits Derived * Chapter 3: Allied Organizations Concerned with the Intelligence Problem * U.S. Navy (1917-1941) * The U.S. Coast Guard (1931-1941) * The Federal Communications Commission (1911-1941) * The British Effort: GC&CS and the RSS (1919-1941) * The Reorganization of the U.S. SIGINT Effort (1939-1942) * Initial Operations * Security Problems * The FBI Connection * The Army Connection * The Radio Intelligence Center * Chapter 4: Counterclandestine DF Operations in Latin America * Introduction * The U.S. Navy in Colombia and Ecuador (1940-1941) * Other Latin American Nations before the War * Establishment of the AIS Clandestine Radio Locator Net * Creation of the Concept: December 1941-January 1943 * Implementation of the Concept * January 1943 to the War's End * Cuba - Graft and Corruption * Chile - Nazis and Mountains * Argentina - More Nazis * Ecuador - Manana Land * Colombia - Everything in Place * Brazil - Full Cooperation * The AIS Takes Over * Disposition of the AIS Net * Conclusion * Glossary It seems fairly clear from the evidence that the Germans never expected a great deal from their agents in South America or even in the United States in World War II. The lack of German espionage activity in these areas in WWII stands in stark contrast to the bombings and other activities which occurred during WWI. Perhaps these WWI experiences influenced U.S. policy makers to the extent that they overestimated the danger in WWII. In fact, it might be suggested that South America and the United States were not the major threats of German clandestine activity in WW II, but that Europe, England, North Africa, and the Middle East offered far more potential for beneficial results. An examination of clandestine activities in these areas might produce different conclusions. One might also comment on the extraordinary activity that took place between and among U.S. intelligence organizations in the face of so small and unsuccessful a German effort. In addition to concluding that it had little effect on the outcome of the war, one might also have noted the similarities characterizing the nature of the relationships. Specifically, this includes the relationships in the broader COMINT field during and after the war. The fall of the Batista government in Cuba in 1959 and the subsequent rise of Castro's Cuba as a Soviet ally in the Western Hemisphere marked the beginning of Russian success in obtaining a foothold in an area that had been the exclusive sphere of influence of the United States. The concept of carving out a piece of the Western Hemisphere did not originate with the Soviet Union. Since 1823, the year the Monroe Doctrine was enunciated, most of the major European powers tried at one time or another to subvert it. Germany tried twice. The first time, in 1917, Germany planned to attack the United States through Mexico. This plan was foiled by Britain when it provided the United States with a decrypted copy of the famous Zimmermann Telegram. Germany's second attempt was more complex, but in the end, just as unsuccessful.
"The story of German 'code-breaking' successes and radio-espionage during and between the world wars"--Cover.
This is the story of the U.S. Navy's communications intelligence (COMINT) effort between 1924 and 1941. It races the building of a program, under the Director of Naval Communications (OP-20), which extracted both radio and traffic intelligence from foreign military, commercial, and diplomatic communications. It shows the development of a small but remarkable organization (OP-20-G) which, by 1937, could clearly see the military, political, and even the international implications of effective cryptography and successful cryptanalysis at a time when radio communications were passing from infancy to childhood and Navy war planning was restricted to tactical situations. It also illustrates an organization plagues from its inception by shortages in money, manpower, and equipment, total absence of a secure, dedicated communications system, little real support or tasking from higher command authorities, and major imbalances between collection and processing capabilities. It explains how, in 1941, as a result of these problems, compounded by the stresses and exigencies of the time, the effort misplaced its focus from Japanese Navy traffic to Japanese diplomatic messages. Had Navy cryptanalysts been ordered to concentrate on the Japanese naval messages rather than Japanese diplomatic traffic, the United States would have had a much clearer picture of the Japanese military buildup and, with the warning provided by these messages, might have avoided the disaster of Pearl Harbor.
The major guiding principle in the life of Tom Slick was a relentless search for adventure and exploration of the unknown, sparked by his immense curiosity about everything and his willingness to embrace and investigate new ideas. He was a larger-than-life Texas oilman, entrepreneur, and explorer. He climbed mountains in the Himalayas in search of the legendary Yeti. He developed new breeds of cattle. He discovered major oil fields. He founded several research institutes in San Antonio, including the Texas Biomedical Research Institute, Southwest Research Institute, and the Mind Science Foundation. He even wrote and published on the topic of world peace in the 1950s; the Tom Slick World Peace Lectures at the University of Texas’ LBJ Library and the endowed Tom Slick Professorship of World Peace were established after his death in 1962. In this revised and expanded edition of her previously published biography, Catherine Nixon Cooke, niece of Tom Slick, has mined personal letters, family papers, archives of the institutes founded by her uncle, and other resources to expand what we know of this enigmatic, energetic adventurer. In addition to relating his better-known exploits and pursuits, Cooke delves for the first time into Slick’s shadowy connections with the world of international espionage, including clues that Slick may have been involved in certain operations and interests of the OSS and its successor organization, the CIA. Illustrated throughout with rare historic photographs, In Search of Tom Slick: Explorer and Visionary will introduce a new readership to this influential yet little known figure in modern history.
The volume at hand, Dr. George F. Howe's American Signals Intelligence in Northwest Africa and Western Europe is important professional reading for those interested in cryptologic history or in World War II. Dr. Howe's book deals primarily with organizational matters for providing SIGINT support in combat. Thus, the reader will not find stories of high-level cryptanalysis underlying big decisions by famous leaders. In my estimation, by concentrating on the less flashy aspects of wartime support in favor of the background work, Dr. Howe has again added a dimension of great worth to our knowledge of SIGINT and of the war. The study of World War II SIGINT has concentrated, by and large, on ULTRA, the exploitation of high-grade cryptographic systems used by Germany and Japan, and the use of ULTRA material by senior wartime decision makers. This effort unquestionably is important for understanding the decisions and events of that terrible era, but the overwhelming focus on this aspect has resulted in a slightly skewed understanding. The production of ULTRA and its effective use depended on a strong and well-organized structure working in conjunction with now-legendary cryptanalysts. Since the distribution of ULTRA was limited to a small number of officers and civilian leaders, the bulk of SIGINT support to the warfighter cam from tactical SIGINT units working at or near the front lines. This is an important subject for understanding what happened in World War II and for studying the principles of SIGINT organization today. United State Cryptologic History, Sources in Cryptologic History, National Security Agency.
The book takes place in the poorest country in South America. In fact, in considering the Western Hemisphere, it ranks next to last, with only Haiti being poorer, yet it is a country rich in national resources. The book covers one of the most tenuous times in Bolivian history. While it is the story of a missionary family, the book provides unusual insight to the rapid change occurring at so many levels in the country. The book points to the 1952 revolution as the starting point of a vastly significant process of social and political transformation that has bought Bolivia to its present status. Bolivia has a history of political change occurring not at the ballot box but most frequently by a military coup. The ’52 revolution was like the jump start to a battery which, in this case, triggered the political awakening of the majority of indigenous communities long held in a semifeudal condition. The book draws out the many external influences which played a role in defining the outcome of the transition. Bolivia’s natural resources were a tempting prize from the early colonial period when gold and silver were the attractions for Spain. During World War II, the metals tin, zinc, and tungsten were important to the United States. More recently, for the time period covered by the book, it was the petroleum and forest products. The external influences were more than economic. The book covered the range from former Nazis to Cuban communists. The thread running through the book is about the life of a missionary family. It is the story of a young couple with three children who left the comfort and security of the US Midwest farming communities to serve Christ as missionaries to Bolivia. However, the book does much more. It reveals how these Americans adjust into what is a semi-hostile environment struggling to cast off its colonial past where 80 percent of the population was kept from participating in society by literacy voting laws. The book draws on sources as diverse as academic studies done as degree work by former missionaries, to declassed information from the State Department files. Events, both local and global, had their impact. Such political currents as those represented by Nazi Klaus Barbie and communist Che Guevara occurred in Bolivia. On the world scene, it ranged from Peron in Argentina to the assassination of President Kennedy in the U.S. While the book is about a missionary family, it so contextualizes them into the social, economic, and political situation in Bolivia, one comes away with a deeper appreciation for and understanding of those who dedicate their lives to the well-being of the world’s poorest and most marginalized.