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In this paper, we investigate the effects of international cross-listings on commonality in liquidity. We find that cross-listings have asymmetric effects on cross-listed stocks' liquidity commonality that include reducing the stocks' liquidity commonality with the local market and increasing the stocks' liquidity commonality with the host market. We also find that the negative impact of cross-listings on home liquidity commonality is more pronounced for stocks from countries with high market segmentation, an opaque information environment, and a poor institutional infrastructure. These results suggest that cross-listings reduce the vulnerability of stocks' liquidity to aggregate liquidity shocks in the local market.
My dissertation studies the influence of global institutional investors on liquidity distribution and excess comovement in returns for cross-listed stocks around the world. Furthermore, my dissertation investigates the impact of investor protection change on the liquidity distribution of cross-listed stocks. Chapter 1 studies how global institutional investors' selection of trading venues influences the liquidity distribution of cross-listed stocks on 19 target ("host") markets around the world. I document strong empirical evidence indicating that institutional investors gravitate towards markets that are more geographically, culturally, and economically proximate. However, institutional investor's familiarity preference abates in the selection of trading venues when the target exchange does not furnish detailed rules on trading practices. Chapter 2, co-authored with G. Andrew Karolyi, studies the impact of abrupt change in the U.S. investor protection laws on the location of stock trading for firms with U.S. cross-listings. The U.S. Supreme Court's ruling in the case of Morrison vs. National Australia Bank in June 2010 communicates that civil liability for securities fraud applies only to securities listed on U.S. markets and to security transactions taken place in the U.S. We investigate whether and how the trading volume distribution of U.S. cross-listed stocks changed around the U.S. Supreme Court's ruling on the Morrison case. Our results indicate that for U.S. cross-listed foreign firms, the U.S. market share of trading volume has increased after the Morrison decision. Chapter 3, co-authored with G. Andrew Karolyi, examines the influence of global institutional investors on excess comovement in stock returns using cross-listed stocks around the world. We find that the return differentials between the cross-listed and its ordinary home market share, though small, exhibit excess comovements relative to market index returns, the home and the target market returns. Furthermore, we examine whether institutional investors exert significant influence on excess comovement in the returns of long-short positions that consist of a crosslisted and its counterpart home market shares with respective market index returns. We find that institutional investors domiciled in home country intensify the excess comovement in long-short position returns with the home market returns.
Forward-thinking investors are constantly looking for the next BRIC-what foreign market is on the brink of expansive growth? Will these investments payoff, or are the potential risks too great? Investing in these emerging markets requires a careful analysis of potential risks and benefits which vary greatly from country to country and even from day to day. In Cracking the Emerging Markets Enigma, emerging markets expert Andrew Karolyi outlines a practical strategy for evaluating the opportunities and-more importantly-the risks of investing in emerging markets. Karolyi's proposed system evaluates multiple dimensions of the potential risks faced by prospective investors. These categories of risk reflect the uneven quality or fragility of the various institutions designed to assure integrity in capital markets-political stability, corporate opacity, limits placed on foreign investors, and more. By distilling these analyses into a numerical scoring system, Karolyi has devised a way to assess with ease emerging markets by different dimensions of risk and across all dimensions together. This novel assessment framework already has been tested in the market to great success. Researchers, students, firms, and both seasoned and novice investors are poised to gain a clear understanding of how to evaluate potential investments in emerging markets to maximize profits.
This thesis examines the possible implications of international cross-listings for the wealth of shareholders, for stock liquidity and volatility, and for the distribution of trading volumes across both the domestic and foreign stock markets where the shares are traded. For the purpose of clarity, these three issues are analysed in three empirical chapters in the thesis. The first empirical issue examined in this thesis is the effects of international cross-listings on shareholders? wealth. This is discussed in chapter 2. The chapter compares the gains in shareholders? wealth that result from cross-listing in the American, British, and European stock exchanges and then evaluates their determinants by applying various theories on the wealth effects of cross-listing. Moreover, it evaluates how the wealth effect of cross-listing has changed over time reflecting the implications of the significant developments in capital markets that have taken place in recent years. In particular, the effects of the introduction of the Euro in Europe and the adoption of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act in the US are analysed. The findings suggest that, on average, cross-listing of stocks enhances shareholders? wealth but the gains are dependent on the destination market. In addition, the regulatory and economic changes in the listing environment not only alter the wealth effects of cross-listings, but also affect the sources of value creation. Overall, this chapter provides in-depth insights into the motivations for, and the benefits of, cross-listings across different host markets in changing market conditions. The second empirical issue examined is the impact of cross-listing and multimarket trading on stock liquidity and volatility (chapter 3). Cross-listing leads to additional mandatory disclosure in order to comply with the requirements of the host market. Such requirements are expected to reduce information asymmetry among various market participants (corporate managers, stock dealers, and investors). An enhanced information environment, in turn, should increase stock liquidity and reduce stock return volatility. The findings of this study suggest that the stock liquidity and volatility improves after cross-listing on a foreign stock exchange. Moreover, this study distinguishes between cross-listing and cross-trading. The distinction is important because cross-trading, unlike cross-listing, does not require the disclosing of additional information. Although such a distinction means there is a variation in the information environment of cross-listed and cross-traded stocks, the results do not reveal any significant difference in the liquidity and volatility of the stocks that are cross-listed and cross-traded. This evidence suggests that the improvement in the liquidity and volatility of cross-listed/traded stocks comes primarily from the intensified competition among traders rather than from mandatory disclosure requirements. The final empirical issue investigated in this thesis (chapter 4) is the identification of the determinants of the distribution of equity trading volume from both stock exchange and firm specific perspectives. From a stock exchange perspective, exchange level analysis focuses on the stock exchange characteristics that determine the ability of a stock exchange to attract trading of foreign stocks. While from a firm perspective, firm level analysis focuses on firm specific characteristics that affect the distribution of foreign trading. The results show that a stock exchange?s ability to attract trading volumes of foreign equity is positively associated with a stock exchange?s organizational efficiency, market liquidity, and also the quality of investor protection and insider trading regulations. Analysis also reveals the superior ability of American stock exchanges to attract trading of European stocks. Moreover, there is strong evidence suggesting that regulated stock exchanges are more successful in attracting trading of foreign stocks than non-regulated markets, such as OTC and alternative markets and trading platforms. From a firm perspective, the proportion of trading on a foreign exchange is higher for smaller and riskier companies, and for companies that exhibit lower correlation of returns with market index returns in the host market. Also this proportion is higher when foreign trading takes place in the same currency as trading in the firm?s home market and increases with the duration of a listing. Finally, the study provides separate evidence on the expected levels of trading activity on various stock exchanges for a stock with particular characteristics. Overall, the findings of this thesis suggest that international cross-listing is beneficial for both firms and their shareholders but the findings also suggest that there are significant variations in the implications of cross-listings for different firms and from listing in different destination foreign markets. Finally, these implications are not static and respond to changes and reforms in listing and trading conditions.
We investigate whether cross-listing in the U.S. affects the information environment for non-U.S. stocks. Our findings suggest cross-listing has an asymmetric impact on stock price informativeness around the world, as measured by firm-specific stock return variation. Cross-listing improves price informativeness for developed market firms. For firms in emerging markets, however, cross-listing decreases price informativeness. We also find that price informativeness increases the most for firms in countries with the greatest investor protection. The added analyst coverage associated with cross-listing likely explains the findings in emerging markets, rather than changes in liquidity, ownership, or accounting quality. Our results indicate that the added analyst coverage fosters the production of marketwide information, rather than firm-specific information.
We provide a synthesis of the empirical evidence on market liquidity. The liquidity measurement literature has established standard measures of liquidity that apply to broad categories of market microstructure data. Specialized measures of liquidity have been developed to deal with data limitations in specific markets, to provide proxies from daily data, and to assess institutional trading programs. The general liquidity literature has established local cross-sectional patterns, global cross-sectional patterns, and time-series patterns.