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The problem of collateral is a daily issue for lenders and causes much debate in the development finance community. Given the difficulties experienced in arranging traditional forms of loan security, such as land or chattel mortgages, various collateral substitutes have been proposed. Among the substitutes for traditional collateral is the loan guarantee. Guarantee systems for loans have been proposed, planned and implemented in various countries. The assumption made by proponents of such a service is that the guarantee organization is either better informed about the risk of the loan than the lender or it is better structured financially to be able to manage the risk. Despite the apparent attractiveness of a loan guarantee, the empirical evidence available gives little encouragement. Nevertheless, interest in guarantees continues.
The Pacific Private Sector Development Initiative---a regional technical assistance facility cofinanced by the Asian Development Bank (ADB), the Government of Australia, and the Government of New Zealand---has undertaken landmark secured transaction reforms in eight Pacific Island countries. These reforms have unlocked the value in "movable" assets such as machinery, inventory, and accounts receivable for use as collateral in borrowing. They have the potential to benefit businesses and financial institutions that offer business loans. Yet, despite these reforms, financial institutions remain unwilling to lend. Businesses still find it hard to access the credit they need to grow, which in turn creates jobs and drives the economic activity so desperately needed in the Pacific. Credit guarantees are often proposed as an instrument to overcome this problem. However, as this publication demonstrates, there is no strong theoretical justification for their use.
This book analyses and confronts the functioning of guarantee systems for SMEs in countries where these schemes had an important development. The book also highlights how the current financial crisis is modifying the guarantees schemes, through policy maker interventions.
The Independence Principle of Letters of Credit and Demand Guarantees offers a comprehensive and authoritative analysis of the principle of independence, a fundamental element of Letters of Credit and Demand Guarantees. It explores the parameters of this principle and the increasing exceptions to it.
August 1997 One test of the efficacy of World Bank partial credit guarantees is whether they lower the interest rate and lengthen the effective maturity of the part of the credit not covered by the guarantee. Do they? Since 1994, the World Bank has provided partial credit guarantees to private financiers of several large infrastructure projects in developing countries. A major objective of the partial guarantee program is to leverage Bank resources so as to provide developing countries with better private credit terms. A real test of the efficacy of World Bank partial credit guarantees is whether they also lower the interest rate and lengthen the effective maturity of the part of the credit not covered by the World Bank guarantee. On the basis of deals closed so far, Huizinga finds no evidence that guarantees have affected nonguaranteed interest rates favorably, while the duration of the nonguaranteed credits remains relatively short. This paper-a product of the Development Research Group-is part of a larger effort in the group to evaluate the impact of World Bank guarantees.