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Paper which examines the average incremental cost, in both financial and economic terms, of the different water supply technologies employed in rural areas of Indonesia. Technologies examined range from labour intensive and low cost to high cost and skilled-labour intensive. Includes references. The author is a research fellow at the ANU's National Centre for Development Studies.
This manual and the free downloadable costing tool is the outcome of a project identified by the Water, Sanitation and Health Programme (WSH) of the World Health Organization (WHO) faced with the challenge of costing options for improved access, both to safe drinking water and to adequate sanitation. Although limited in scope to the process of costing safe water supply technologies, a proper use of this material lies within a larger setting considering the cultural, environmental, institutional, political and social conditions that should be used by policy decision makers in developing countries to promote sustainable development strategies. Costing Improved Water Supply Systems for Low-income Communities provides practical guidance to facilitate and standardize the implementation of social life-cycle costing to “improved” drinking-water supply technologies. These technologies have been defined by the WHO/UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation, as those that, by the nature of its construction, adequately protect the source of water from outside contamination, in particular with faecal matter. The conceptual framework used has also been conceived to be applied to costing improved sanitation options. To facilitate the application of the costing method to actual projects, a basic tool was developed using Microsoft Excel, which is called a water supply costing processor. It enables a user-friendly implementation of all the tasks involved in a social life-cycle costing process and provides both the detailed and the consolidated cost figures that are needed by decision-makers. The scope and the limits of the costing method in a real setting was assessed through field tests designed and performed by local practitioners in selected countries. These tests were carried out in Peru and in six countries in the WHO regions of South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. They identified practical issues in using the manual and the water supply costing processor and provided practical recommendations. References and Glossary Author(s): Fabrizio Carlevaro, Geneva School of Economics and Management, Switzerland and Cristian Gonzalez, International Road Federation, Geneva, Switzerland
Paper which discusses the future course of rice and grain policies in Indonesia. Considers issues of self-sufficiency, the role of rice-orientated institutions, the internationalisation of the grain trade. Includes a bibliography. Ray Trewin is a visiting research fellow in the economics department, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the Australian National University. Thomas Tomich is a senior natural resource economist at the International Centre for Research in Agroforestry in Bogor, Indonesia.
Efforts to improve the water supplies used by people in rural areas of developing countries have run into serious obstacles: not only are public funds not available to build facilities for all, but many newly constructed facilities have fallen into disrepair and disuse. Along with the numerous failures there are also successes in this sector. From these successes a new view has begun to emerge of what the guiding principles of rural water supply strategies should be. This book brings together and spells out the constituents of this emerging view. The central message is that it is the local people themselves, not those trying to help them, who have the most important role to play. The community itself must be the primary decisionmaker, the primary investor, the primary organizer, and the primary overseer. The authors examine the implications of this primary principle for the main policy issues - the level of service to be provided in different settings, the level and mechanisms for cost recovery, the roles for the private and public sectors, and the role of women. The potential advantages of proceeding from this outlook, instead of the older top-down approaches, are considerable. Improvement efforts are more likely to meet felt needs, new facilities are more likely to be kept in service, and more communities are more likely to get safe water sooner.
One of a series of working papers put out by the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies at the ANU. Examines the experience of the Banco Solidario SA which began operations in Bolivia in 1992 and draws conclusions on how this microenterprise achieved success in a developing country. Includes a list of references.
Number 95/1 in the Economics Division Working Papers Development Issues. This paper establishes a link between macroeconomic performance indicators and the reform of state-owned enterprises in formerly centrally planned economies. Consideration is given to the formerly centrally planned economies in Europe and China. Includes a glossary, bibliography and a list of recent publications by the Economics Division, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, the Australian National University. Frances Perkins is director of the East Asia Analytical Unit, Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Martin Raiser is with the Kiel Institute of World Economics at Kiel University.