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Since the commercial breakthrough in the early 1970s, salmon farming in the sea has gone from small-scale to one of Norway's largest export industries. Although salmon and trout farming represents only a few percent of the world's aquaculture production, the Norwegian aquaculture industry is a leader in many areas. Initially, production technology was simple, but with increased experience, knowledge, and continuous innovations in farming technology, nutrition and fish health, productivity in the aquaculture industry increased dramatically. The twenty-year period between the mid-1980s and the mid-2000s was characterised by high productivity growth, which resulted in a substantial reduction in costs, which in turn led to lower salmon and rainbow trout prices. Production grew by almost 20 percent annually between 1980 and 2005.The cost decline reversed around 2005, and between 2005 and 2020 production costs increased by 176 per cent in nominal terms (102 per cent in real NOK). The cost increase has averaged 7 percent per year, several times faster than inflation. The cost increase has continued even after 2020 and is approaching NOK 60/kg gutted weight (HOG) including capital costs.The reasons behind the cost explosion are complex, and are due to higher prices for factor inputs, increased capital intensity, a depreciation of the krone, stricter regulations, increased profitability, as well as disease, lice and lice treatments. The purpose of this report is to investigate the effect of biological problems on cost trends. The results show that "biological" costs are one of the most important drivers behind the cost development.
Handboek voor de teelt en afzet van zalm en forel
Over the past few years, there has been significant growth and development in the salmon farming industry. In order to be successful, practitioners not only need to know how the salmon lives and survives in the wild but, amongst other things have knowledge of disease, production processes, economics and marketing. The Handbook of Salmon Farming is a practical guide that covers everything the practitioner needs to know, and will also be of great use to academics and students of aquaculture and fish biology. The editors have invited contributions from experts in academia, the fish industry and government to provide an up-to-date and comprehensive handbook.
with the issues involved in the management of salmon fishing. farming and ranching and the implications for production costs and the availa bility of supplies. Chapters 6 and 7 investigate processing. marketing and distribution and Chapter 8 discusses the workings of salmon markets and the main factors affecting the demand for salmon. Finally. chapter 9 summarises the main findings of the study and considers the issues likely to define the future of the industry. The main interest of the book is in salmon sold commer cially and mention is only made in passing of the rather different. though important. issues involved in the management of sport or recreation fisheries. This book does not cover all species of salmon but concentrates on the main species of current commercial significance. These are the five commercially important species of Pacific salmon all of which belong to the single separate genus ONCORHYNCHUS together with SALMO SALAR. the Atlantic salmon. The related SALMO GAIRDNERI (rainbow trout) and SALMO TRUTTA (brown troutl seatrout) are outside the scope of the book. although since these compete closely with salmon. the relationship is discussed. 1.2 THE SALMON: LIFE CYCLE AND SPECIES The family salmonidae is indigenous to the Northern Hemisphere and is found from the temperate zone northwards to beyond the Arctic Circle. 1n both Pacific and Atlantic waters. They are not· native to the Southern Hemisphere but have been successfully introduced into New Zealand. into Argentina. Venezuela and more recently Chile and the Kerguelen Islands.
A comprehensive guide to the responsible development of salmon aquaculture to the mutual benefits of all resources and individuals affected by this industry. Geographic distribution, approaches to problems of rearing in open and closed marine systems, techniques dealing with transportation and feeding, consequences of environmental factors on aquaculture and regulations and economic considerations are among the issues discussed.
First published in 1990, The Economics of Salmon Aquaculture was the first book to systematically analyse the salmon aquaculture industry, from both a market and production perspective. Since publication of the first edition of this book, the salmon aquaculture industry has grown at a phenomenal rate, with salmon now being consumed in more than 100 countries worldwide. This second edition of a very popular and successful book brings the reader right up to date with all the major current issues pertaining to salmon aquaculture. Commencing with an overview of the production process in aquaculture, the following chapters provide in-depth coverage of the sources of the world’s supply of salmon, the growth in productivity, technological changes, environmental issues, markets, market structure and competitiveness, lessons that can be learnt from the culture of other species, optimal harvesting techniques, production planning, and investment in salmon farms. Written by Frank Ashe and Trond Bjørndal, two of the world's leading experts in the economics of aquaculture, this second edition of The Economics of Salmon Aquaculture provides the salmon aquaculture industry with an essential reference work, including a wealth of commercially important information. This book is also a valuable resource for upper level students and professionals in aquaculture and economics, and libraries in all universities and research establishments where these subjects are studied and taught should have copies of this important book on their shelves.
Destruction of habitat is the major cause for loss of biodiversity including variation in life history and habitat ecology. Each species and population adapts to its environment, adaptations visible in morphology, ecology, behaviour, physiology and genetics. Here, the authors present the population ecology of Atlantic salmon and brown trout and how it is influenced by the environment in terms of growth, migration, spawning and recruitment. Salmonids appeared as freshwater fish some 50 million years ago. Atlantic salmon and brown trout evolved in the Atlantic basin, Atlantic salmon in North America and Europe, brown trout in Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. The species live in small streams as well as large rivers, lakes, estuaries, coastal seas and oceans, with brown trout better adapted to small streams and less well adapted to feeding in the ocean than Atlantic salmon. Smolt and adult sizes and longevity are constrained by habitat conditions of populations spawning in small streams. Feeding, wintering and spawning opportunities influence migratory versus resident lifestyles, while the growth rate influences egg size and number, age at maturity, reproductive success and longevity. Further, early experiences influence later performance. For instance, juvenile behaviour influences adult homing, competition for spawning habitat, partner finding and predator avoidance. The abundance of wild Atlantic salmon populations has declined in recent years; climate change and escaped farmed salmon are major threats. The climate influences through changes in temperature and flow, while escaped farmed salmon do so through ecological competition, interbreeding and the spreading of contagious diseases. The authors pinpoint essential problems and offer suggestions as to how they can be reduced. In this context, population enhancement, habitat restoration and management are also discussed. The text closes with a presentation of what the authors view as major scientific challenges in ecological research on these species.
Presenting state-of-the-art research on the economics of producing and marketing aquacultural products, this volume addresses critical issues concerning profitability, market acceptance, and economic modeling of various aquacultural products. Research approaches range from firm-level bioeconomic modelling to market-level econometric modelling of industry growth and product substitution. The studies highlight the institutional structures and public policy issues that will shape growth and development of aquaculture into the twenty-first century, including trade policies, food safety, and environmental quality.
This document contains nine FAO commissioned papers on cage aquaculture including a global overview, one country review for China, and seven regional reviews for Asia (excluding China), northern Europe, the Mediterranean, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean, northern America and Oceania. The content of the papers is based on the broad experience and sound knowledge of the authors with advice and help received from many experts and reviewers around the globe. The papers were presented to a distinguished audience of some 300 participants from over 25 countries during the FAO Special Session on Cage Aquaculture - Regional Reviews and Global Overview at the Asian Fisheries Society (AFS) Second International Symposium on Cage Aquaculture in Asia (CAA2), held in Hangzhou, China, from 3 to 8 July 2006.