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A total of 635 specimens of 75 different nickel alloys were exposed at two different depths in the Pacific Ocean for periods of time varying from 123 to 1064 days to determine the effects of deep ocean environments on their corrosion resistance. Corrosion rates, types of corrosion, pit depths, effects of welding, stress corrosion cracking resistance, changes in mechanical properties and analyses of corrosion products of the alloys are presented. Of those alloys tested, the following were practically immune to corrosion: nickel- chromium-iron alloy 718; nickel-iron-chromium alloys, except 902; nickel- chromium-molybdenum alloys; nickel-cobalt-chromium alloy; nickel-chromium-iron- molybdenum alloys; nickel-chromium-cobalt alloy; and nickel-molybdenum-chromium alloy. Alloys attacked by uniform or general corrosion were the cast nickel- copper alloys; nickel-molybdenum-iron alloy; and nickel-molybdenum alloy. Alloys attacked by crevice or pitting corrosion were the nickels; wrought nickel-copper alloys; nickel-chromium-iron alloys except 718; nickel-iron-chromium alloys 902; nickel-tin-zinc alloy; nickel-beryllium alloy; nickel-chromium alloys; and nickel-silicon alloy. Corrosion resistance of welds in the nickel alloys, depends upon the selection of the proper welding electrodes. The nickel alloys were not susceptible to stress corrosion cracking. Corrosion products consisted of oxides, hydroxides, chlorides and oxychlorides. Mechanical properties of the alloys were not adversely affected in a significant way.
Cathodic protection (CP) mitigates the high cost of steel and other alloys corroded in seawater and seabed sediments. Marine Corrosion and Cathodic Protection is a comprehensive guide to corrosion issues and presents methodologies to tackle common offshore code-based CP designs. Advanced theory is developed for non-routine CP applications, with and without subsea coating systems. The interactions between CP and the fatigue and hydrogen embrittlement characteristics of alloys are explained. Sacrificial (or galvanic) anodes and impressed current systems are examined, followed by descriptions of successful and unsuccessful applications on petroleum installations, harbours, jetties, pipelines, windfarm foundations, ships and floating production storage and offloading vessels FPSOs. Retrofit CP systems for the life extension of assets, together with methods for applying CP internally in both static and flowing systems are evaluated. A critical review of the role of physical and computational modelling in CP design and evaluation addresses the more geometrically complex applications. Techniques for, and limitation of, CP surveying, inspection and monitoring are explained in the context of system management. This text is ideal for engineers, designers, manufacturers, equipment suppliers and operators of offshore CP systems.
Treatise on Materials Science and Technology, Volume 28: Materials for Marine Systems and Structures provides an integrated approach, utilizing the environmental information of the ocean scientists, materials science, and structural integrity principles as they apply to offshore structures and ships. The book discusses the materials and their performance in marine systems and structures; the marine environment; and marine befouling. The text also describes marine corrosion; corrosion control; metallic materials for marine structures; and concrete marine structures. Materials for mooring systems and fracture control for marine structures are also considered. Professional scientists and engineers, as well as graduate students in the fields of ocean and marine engineering and naval architecture and associated fields will find the book useful.