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Solar particle events recorded by the DMSP/F7 Space Radiation Dosimeter and the IMP-8 Charged Particle Telescope have been studied. Some of the events were followed by geomagnetic storms while others were not. A detailed study of the particle components of these events was conducted in order to isolate differences in them that might be indicators of geomagnetic activity that follows some of the events. The advantage of finding such predictors is that the particle event precedes the magnetic activity by 1-2 days and would lead to an early warning for the impending storm. We found that events that were followed by magnetic storms had the following features that were different from events that were not followed by storms (1) A softer spectrum in the protons (2) A slower rise of proton component from background to peak (3) More high energy electrons (above 1 MeV) than high energy protons (above 20 MeV). The first feature was verified in a sample of 11 solar particle events while (2) and (3) were confirmed using a sample of 5 events.
The sun has a dominant influence on the terrestrial environment, an environment which affects many phases of direct military interests such as the upper atmosphere, communications, satellite operations, weather, etc. The results obtained add to the interpretation of the solar terrestrial relationships that may add to their predictability. Superposed epoch studies of the daily sunspot numbers (Rz) show a different behavior when selected for daily sums of geomagnetic activity (SKp) of 45 up to 56 than for higher or lower values of SKp. (Author Modified Abstract).
Over the last three decades, a spate of solar wind observations have been made with sophisticated ground-based and space-borne instruments. Two highly successful space missions of the Skylab and the twin spacecraft Helios 1 and 2 have amassed an invaluable wealth of information on the large scale structure of the inner heliosphere, the solar and interplanetary magnetic field, coronal holes, interplanetary dust, solar windflows, etc.Solar and interplanetary propagating phenomena have been extensively studied during the last two decades. Very recently, a new simple model based on results from a density-mapping technique, pioneered at Cambridge, UK, has been proposed which overcomes the problems faced by the existing CME-driven shock theories.This monograph puts together those exciting developments in the field of solar and interplanetary dynamic phenomena with their effects, at times hazardous, on the terrestrial environment. It serves as an update and a ready reference for research students and scientists working in this field.
This report documents a study of USAFETAC's optical solar flare database and its relationship to Gottingen's planetary geomagnetic index (Ap). The study was based on solar flare data with an 11-year period of record (1975 to 1986--Solar Cycle 21). After solar flares and Ap indices were studied separately, more than 27,000 flare reports were merged with 3-hour Ap values for 7 days after each flare. The resultant dataset was analyzed with respect to certain flare characteristics (such as importance, brightness, duration, solar location, and phase of the solar cycle) to find the best predictor of geomagnetic storming. The results were summarized in contingency tables (provided in Appendix B) for use as solar forecasting aids. Some flares were found to have more of an influence on the Earth's geomagnetic field than others. Of all the features studied, a flare's importance and location on the disk seemed to be best predictors of geomagnetic storming. Keywords: Climatology, Solar flares, Solar disturbances, Sunsports, Solar activity, Solar atmosphere, Solar forecasting, Geomagnetic storm. (JHD).
An interdisciplinary review of research in geomagnetism, aeronomy and space weather, written by eminent researchers from these fields.
Geomagnetic Disturbances Impacts on Power Systems: Risk Analysis & Mitigation Strategies provides a full risk assessment tool for assessing power systems confronted geomagnetic disturbances (GMDs) and specifies mitigation opportunities for various stakeholders. “This book deals comprehensively with the threat of solar storms on the world’s power systems. It provides a context to GMDs with respect to other natural hazards, and describes methods to evaluate a particular grid’s risk factors in a straightforward fashion. This is extremely useful to power grid operators, as they are not experts in the field of space weather, but they must be able to deal with its impacts. This is the critical message of this extremely valuable book.” – William A. Radasky, Ph.D., P.E., IEEE Life Fellow, Metatech Corporation, California USAAimed at risk engineers, policy-makers, technical experts and non-specialists such as power system operators, this book seeks to provide an insight into the GMD as a natural hazard and to perform the risk assessment of its potential impacts on the power systems as critical infrastructures. The reader gets familiar with how the Sun can endanger ground-based technological systems and the physics of solar activity manifestation on the Earth as Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs). The reaction of power systems to GMDs and mitigation strategies aiming at reducing and controlling the risks are then addressed. The GMD mitigation strategies, the power systems critical factors analysis, the high-risk zones identification and an estimation of economic loss, which is a valuable input for the (re)insurance sector, are also brought to the attention of the reader. Thereby, this book provides a full risk assessment tool for assessing power systems confronted with space weather risks. Key features: • Brings together interdisciplinary perspectives on the topic in one, cohesive book • Practical guideline on mitigation actions for diverse users and even non-specialists • Dealing comprehensively with the threat of geomagnetic disturbance on the worlds power systems • Introducing unique methods to evaluate a particular system risk factors in a straightforward fashion Authors Olga Sokolova, Ph.D., is a risk analyst and electrical engineer with expertise in the domain of critical infrastructure risk assessment to natural catastrophes. Nikolay Korovkin, Ph.D., is a full professor and head of Theoretic Electrical Engineering Department at Peter the Great Saint-Petersburg Polytechnic University (SPbPU). Masashi Hayakawa, Ph.D., is an emeritus professor of the University of Electro-Communications, and also CEO of Hayakawa Institute of Seismo Electromagnetics, Co.Ltd.