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This dissertation identifies the dominant risks facing vulnerable minor populations in the U.S. to human trafficking. It calibrates predictive statistical models specifically for foreign national and U.S. citizen populations respectively, and uses these models to externally validate the expert input of direct service provider survey responses from across the country and empirically demonstrate the appropriateness of human security theory for these assessments. These models address questions of victim prevalence in the United States by constructing an index of the predictive factors contributing to this vulnerability based on human security theory. Importantly, this study focuses on human trafficking prevalence in the United States as a model of developed countries. This project employs a bottom-up approach to forecasting risk and vulnerability of minors in the United States by informing its risk indexes for each population from direct service provider input via over anonymous online surveys. It is also the first academic analysis of the 60,000+ cases of reported human trafficking and related crimes to the National Human Trafficking Resource Center of the Polaris Project from 2008-2013. Ultimately, this project uncovers the measurable components of human insecurity and vulnerability to human trafficking in the United States for Foreign National and U.S. Citizen minors and empirically justifies utilizing human security to conceptualize risk of minors to human trafficking. This risk assessment model for minors in the United States in labor and sex trafficking industries is the first dynamic human trafficking risk and prevalence assessment and predictive model of its kind and provides an empirical foundation for future studies and replication.
"The Legacy of Racism for Children: Psychology, Law, and Public Policy is the first volume to review the intersecting implications of psychology, public policy, and law with the goal of understanding and ending the challenges facing racial minority youth in America today. Proceeding roughly from causes to consequences - from early life experiences to adolescent and teen experiences - each chapter focuses on a different domain, explains the laws and policies that create or exacerbate racial disparity in that domain, reviews relevant psychological research and its implications for those laws or policies, and calls for next steps. Chapter authors examine how race and ethnicity intersect with child maltreatment (including child sex trafficking, corporal punishment, and memory for and disclosures of abuse), child dependency court decisions, custody and adoption, familial incarceration, the "school to prison pipeline," police/youth interactions, jurors' perceptions of child and adolescent victims and defendants, and U.S. immigration law and policy"--
The Report covers and provides an overview of patterns and flows of trafficking in persons at the global, regional and national levels, based on trafficking cases detected mainly between 2012 and 2014.
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Academic research currently available on human trafficking has been criticised for employing poorly designed methodologies and a lack of research based on primary data. Only a limited number of resources have supplied primary research in the field. Although victim and trafficker characteristics and the complexity involved during the trafficking process have been investigated, there is a further need for moving away from simplified victim-oriented research, giving way to more focus on understanding the nature of the complex relationship between sex traffickers and their victims, which can include both physical and psychological relationship dynamics. It can be argued that understanding these complex relationship dynamics and interactions during the trafficking process between offenders and victims play a large role in traffickers¿̐ư acquisition and retention of victims, and thus, is essential information to obtain. Therefore, the need for a scoping review is important to understanding the nature of this relationship, which can influence the efficacy of counter human trafficking strategies. The purpose of this study was to explore the range, extent, and nature of primary research on the relationship between sex traffickers and their victims of trafficking, published between and including the years 2007 and 2017. This research used a methodological framework for conducting a scoping study developed by Arksey and O¿̐ưMalley (2005), thereafter revised by Levac, Colquhoun and O¿̐ưBrian (2010). Data analysis was conducted through a directed content analysis to extract qualitative data from the findings, and reported and summarised the findings according to categories developed by the Duluth Power and Control Wheel for Sex and Labour Trafficking. This scoping review found that an additional category regarding the sex trafficker and victim relationship, not listed in the Power and Control Wheel, was consistently reported in selected articles. This researcher introduces the Augmented Sex Trafficking Power and Control Wheel and recommends that the existing wheel be updated to include Affective Kinship and its characteristics as one of the most common elements found in the nature of the relationship between sex traffickers and their victims. Thirty one articles were included and analysed in this scoping review.
This practical, interdisciplinary text draws from empirically grounded scholarship, survivor-centered practices, and an ecological perspective to help readers develop an understanding of the meaning and scope of human trafficking. Throughout the book, the authors address the specific vulnerabilities of human trafficking victims, their medical-psycho-social needs, and issues related to direct service delivery. They also address the identification of human trafficking crimes, traffickers, and the impact of this crime on the global economy. Using detailed case studies to illuminate real situations, the book covers national and international anti-trafficking policies, prevention and intervention strategies, promising practices to combat human trafficking, responses of law enforcement and service providers, organizational challenges, and the cost of trafficking to human wellbeing.
The 2020 UNODC Global Report on Trafficking in Persons is the fifth of its kind mandated by the General Assembly through the 2010 United Nations Global Plan of Action to Combat Trafficking in Persons. It covers more than 130 countries and provides an overview of patterns and flows of trafficking in persons at global, regional and national levels, based primarily on trafficking cases detected between 2017 and 2019. As UNODC has been systematically collecting data on trafficking in persons for more than a decade, trend information is presented for a broad range of indicators.
This definitive reference assembles the current knowledge base on the scope and phenomena of sex trafficking as well as best practices for treatment of its survivors. A global feminist framework reflects a profound understanding of the entrenched social inequities and ongoing world events that fuel trafficking, including in its lesser-known forms. Empirically sound insights shed salient light on who buyers and traffickers are, why some survivors become victimizers, and the experiences of victim subpopulations (men, boys, refugees, sexual minorities), as well as emerging trends in prevention and protection, resilience and rehabilitation. These powerful dispatches also challenge readers to consider complex questions found at the intersections of gender, race, socioeconomic status, and politics. A sampling of topics in the Handbook: · An organizational systems view of sex trafficking. · Vulnerability factors when women and girls are trafficked. · Men, boys, and LGBTQ: invisible victims of human trafficking. · Organized crime, gangs, and trafficking. · Human trafficking prevention efforts for kids (NEST). · Treating victims of human trafficking: core therapeutic tasks. · From Trafficked to Safe House (C-SAFE). The Handbook of Sex Trafficking will interest a wide professional audience, particularly mental health workers, legal professionals, and researchers in these and related fields. Public health and law enforcement professionals will also find it an important resource.
Written specifically for undergraduates and graduate students, this text is designed to increase the extent to which issues related to human trafficking are understood and addressed. Human Trafficking makes the expertise of those with experience in the anti-slavery movement of this century available to others.