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Les travaux qui composent cette thèse s'articulent autour des thèmes suivants : Optimisation globale, Analyse et optimisation non différentiables, Analyse convexe.
Global Optimization has emerged as one of the most exciting new areas of mathematical programming. Global optimization has received a wide attraction from many fields in the past few years, due to the success of new algorithms for addressing previously intractable problems from diverse areas such as computational chemistry and biology, biomedicine, structural optimization, computer sciences, operations research, economics, and engineering design and control. This book contains refereed invited papers submitted at the 4th international confer ence on Frontiers in Global Optimization held at Santorini, Greece during June 8-12, 2003. Santorini is one of the few sites of Greece, with wild beauty created by the explosion of a volcano which is in the middle of the gulf of the island. The mystic landscape with its numerous mult-extrema, was an inspiring location particularly for researchers working on global optimization. The three previous conferences on "Recent Advances in Global Opti mization", "State-of-the-Art in Global Optimization", and "Optimization in Computational Chemistry and Molecular Biology: Local and Global approaches" took place at Princeton University in 1991, 1995, and 1999, respectively. The papers in this volume focus on de terministic methods for global optimization, stochastic methods for global optimization, distributed computing methods in global optimization, and applications of global optimiza tion in several branches of applied science and engineering, computer science, computational chemistry, structural biology, and bio-informatics.
This volume contains a collection of 23 papers presented at the 4th French-German Conference on Optimization, hold at Irsee, April 21 - 26, 1986. The conference was aUended by ninety scientists: about one third from France, from Germany and from third countries each. They all contributed to a highly interesting and stimulating meeting. The scientifique program consisted of four survey lectures of a more tutorical character and of 61 contributed papers covering almost all areas of optimization. In addition two informal evening sessions and a plenary discussion on further developments of optimization theory were organized. One of the main aims of the organizers was to indicate and to stress the increasing importance of optimization methods for almost all areas of science and for a fast growing number of industry branches. We hope that the conference approached this goal in a certain degree and managed to continue fruitful discussions between -theory and -applications-. Equally important to the official contributions and lectures is the -nonmeasurable part of activities inherent in such a scientific meeting. Here the charming and inspiring atmosphere of a place like Irsee helped to establish numerous new contacts between the participants and to deepen already existing ones. The conference was sponsored by the Bayerische Kultusministerium, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft and the Universities of Augsburg and Bayreuth. Their interest in the meeting and their assistance is gratefully acknowledged. We would like to thank the authors for their contributions and the referees for their helpful comments.
This volume presents a catalogue of over 2000 doctoral theses by Africans in all fields of mathematics, including applied mathematics, mathematics education and history of mathematics. The introduction contains information about distribution by country, institutions, period, and by gender, about mathematical density, and mobility of mathematicians. Several appendices are included (female doctorate holders, doctorates in mathematics education, doctorates awarded by African universities to non-Africans, doctoral theses by non-Africans about mathematics in Africa, activities of African mathematicians at the service of their communities). Paulus Gerdes compiled the information in his capacity of Chairman of the African Mathematical Union Commission for the History of Mathematics in Africa (AMUCHMA). The book contains a preface by Mohamed Hassan, President of the African Academy of Sciences (AAS) and Executive Director of the Academy of Sciences for the Developing World (TWAS). (383 pp.)
Cette thèse aborde la résolution de problèmes d'optimisation sous contraintes et systèmes de contraintes non linéaires sur les réels. Dans un premier temps, nous sommes intéressés à l'optimisation de problèmes dont les données sont connues de façon implicite (résultats d'une simulation informatique), en particulier, dans le cas des systèmes à événements discrets. Les contraintes de la simulation nécessitent de choisir judicieusement les méthodes d'optimisation adaptées à cette démarche de simulation-optimisation. Il est nécessaire d'utiliser des méthodes d'optimisation itératives où la fonction objectif est calculée point par point. Cette étude a donné naissance à l’environnement SimOpt qui consiste à coopérer entre un environnement de simulation et un environnement d’optimisation mathématique constitué d’un ensemble de méthodes d’analyse numérique et de recherche opérationnelle. Ensuite, Nous avons étudié les problèmes d'optimisation globale non linéaires continus basés sur la satisfaction de contraintes et l'arithmétique des intervalles. Dans ce cas, le résultat du calcul est un intervalle qui contient les solutions. Notre contribution consiste d'abord à classifier les techniques de résolution et établir les différentes relations de décomposition et transformation d'un problème d'optimisation dans un processus de résolution. Finalement, la dernière partie est consacrée à la résolution de systèmes de contraintes non linéaires. Nous avons proposé une méthode basée sur une approche symbolique numérique qui permet de limiter le problème de localité des raisonnements dans le processus de résolution basé sur les techniques de consistance locale.
Le retour au premier plan de l'optimisation globale correspond à un besoin industriel. De nombreuses applications, que ce soit au niveau de la conception ou de l'exploitation se ramènent à la recherche d'optima n'entrant pas dans le cadre des hypothèses simplificatrices (convéxite et donc unicité, différentiabilité, existence de points stationnaires,...). C'est en partie le cas des exemples concrets étudiés : la conception de procédés chimiques et d'actionneurs électromécaniques. Les méthodes d'optimisation globale que nous avons étudiées, sont basées sur l'analyse d'intervalle, ce qui leur donne leur caractère déterministe. Elles permettent donc de trouver avec certitude l'optimum global ainsi que tous ses optimiseurs, quelle que soit la nature du problème : continu, mixte, avec ou sans contraintes, ... certes, de telles performances se payent en temps de calcul et en utilisation mémoire. Les algorithmes développés dans cette thèse ont pour but de réduire de facon considérable ces temps CPU et le flot de données stocké. Afin d'améliorer ces algorithmes de type branch and bound, de nouvelles méthodes d'encadrement de l'optimum global concernant les fonctions différentiables de plusieurs variables ont été proposées. Le procédé mis en oeuvre consiste à construire des hyperplans dont l'intersection fournit tout simplement une minoration de la fonction ; cette construction utilise les propriétés d'inclusion de l'analyse d'intervalle. L'intégration de ces méthodes au sein d'algorithmes de type branch and bound, permet d'améliorer de facon considérable leur convergence et de limiter l'effet de clusters. La découverte des optima globaux des deux problèmes semi-industriels traités ont démontré l'efficacité de tels algorithmes par rapport aux méthodes classiques (gain de 10% sur les optima). Dès lors, l'utilisation des nouvelles méthodes d'encadrement dans un tel cadre (problèmes mixtes avec contraintes) semble très prometteuse.
The analysis and optimization of convex functions have re ceived a great deal of attention during the last two decades. If we had to choose two key-words from these developments, we would retain the concept of ~ubdi66~e~ and the duality theo~y. As it usual in the development of mathematical theories, people had since tried to extend the known defi nitions and properties to new classes of functions, including the convex ones. For what concerns the generalization of the notion of subdifferential, tremendous achievements have been carried out in the past decade and any rna·· thematician who is faced with a nondifferentiable nonconvex function has now a panoply of generalized subdifferentials or derivatives at his disposal. A lot remains to be done in this area, especially concerning vecto~-valued functions ; however we think the golden age for these researches is behind us. Duality theory has also fascinated many mathematicians since the underlying mathematical framework has been laid down in the context of Convex Analysis. The various duality schemes which have emerged in the re cent years, despite of their mathematical elegance, have not always proved as powerful as expected.
This book is concerned with tangent cones, duality formulas, a generalized concept of conjugation, and the notion of maxi-minimizing sequence for a saddle-point problem, and deals more with algorithms in optimization. It focuses on the multiple exchange algorithm in convex programming.