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CE MEMOIRE EST CONSACRE A LA CONCEPTION D'ARCHITECTURES MATERIELLES PARALLELES A BASE DE PROCESSEURS ARITHMETIQUES RAPIDES, AINSI QU'A L'ELABORATION DE MODELES LOGICIELS POUR L'EXPLOITATION DE CES SYSTEMES ET LEUR PROGRAMMATION EN ENVIRONNEMENT PARALLELE. DANS LA PREMIERE PARTIE, L'ETUDE ET LA SYNTHESE DES ARCHITECTURES PARALLELES, DES COMPOSANTS DE BASE ET DES MECANISMES DE COMMUNICATION PRECEDE LA DEFINITION DES CARACTERISTIQUES DE LA MACHINE REALISEE. CE SYSTEME EST COMPOSE D'UN MODULE PROCESSEUR ARITHMETIQUE RAPIDE CONNECTE SUR LE BUS D'UN MICRO-ORDINATEUR PAR L'INTERMEDIAIRE DE DEUX PLANS MEMOIRES A DOUBLE ACCES. L'INTERCONNEXION DE PLUSIEURS MODULES DEFINIT L'ARCHITECTURE PARALLELE MULTI-DSPS, CHACUN D'EUX POUVANT COMMUNIQUER VIA LE BUS COMMUN ET UN RESEAU D'AIGUILLAGES CONFIGURABLE. LA DEUXIEME PARTIE EST CONSACREE AUX DEVELOPPEMENTS LOGICIELS ET EST DIRIGEE SELON DEUX AXES, L'ELABORATION D'UN MODELE DE PROGRAMMATION POUR LA MACHINE MULTI-DSPS AFIN DE REPARTIR L'ENSEMBLE DES TACHES SUR LES MODULES, ET D'UN OUTIL D'AIDE A LA PARALLELISATION AUTOMATIQUE. CE DERNIER ANALYSE UN PROGRAMME SOURCE ALGORITHMIQUE SEQUENTIEL ET RESTITUE UNE VERSION SOURCE PARALLELISEE, A PARALLELISME MAXIMAL OU STRUCTUREL. LA METHODE DE CALCUL DES DEPENDANCES MISE EN UVRE EST L'ANALYSE SYNTAXIQUE PUIS LA CONSTRUCTION D'UNE MATRICE DE DEPENDANCES
LE PROBLEME ABORDE DANS CETTE THESE CONSISTE EN L'ELABORATION D'OUTILS INFORMATIQUES POUR LE CONTROLE INTELLIGENT DE PROCESSUS DYNAMIQUES, C'EST-A-DIRE DES SYSTEMES INTELLIGENTS TEMPS REEL. CES OUTILS DOIVENT POSSEDER DES CAPACITES DE DECISION ET D'ASSISTANCE AUX OPERATEURS, ILS METTENT EN JEU DE NOMBREUX TYPES D'EXPERTISE TRAVAILLANT SOUVENT EN COOPERATION. DANS LE CADRE DE L'INTELLIGENCE ARTIFICIELLE DISTRIBUEE, LE CONCEPT DE BLACKBOARD PEUT ETRE VU COMME UN CADRE ORGANISATIONNEL BASE SUR LE PARTAGE D'INFORMATIONS POUR UN SYSTEME MULTI-AGENTS. L'ADEQUATION DU CONCEPT DE BLACKBOARD A LA REALISATION D'OUTILS POUR LE CONTROLE EST ETUDIEE AFIN D'EN DEGAGER LES AVANTAGES ET LES LIMITES, DE FACON A CONSTRUIRE UN MODELE SATISFAISANT AUX CONTRAINTES DU DOMAINE. UNE SYNTHESE DES ETUDES SUR LES SYSTEMES BLACKBOARD DANS LE CONTROLE ET SUR LE PARALLELISME DANS CES SYSTEMES MONTRE QUE LE PROBLEME EST LA CONSTRUCTION D'UNE ARCHITECTURE REPONDANT AU BESOIN DU TEMPS REEL. L'ETUDE DES OPPORTUNITES DE L'UTILISATION DES BLACKBOARDS POUR LE TEMPS REEL PERMET DE DEGAGER QUELQUES RECOMMANDATIONS. ENSUITE, UN MODELE ORIGINAL DE SYSTEME BLACKBOARD PARALLELE TEMPS REEL POUR LE CONTROLE EST PRESENTE. UNE REPRESENTATION ENSEMBLISTE DU CONCEPT TEL QU'IL EST INTERPRETE DANS UN CONTEXTE MULTI-AGENTS A ETE CHOISIE. LA DESCRIPTION DES AGENTS ET DES DONNEES PARTAGEES SUFFIT A LA SPECIFICATION D'UN TEL SYSTEME. LA TRANSPARENCE D'UN MECANISME DE CONTROLE ARTIFICIEL CONDUIT A LA GENERICITE DU CONTROLE. L'ABSENCE DE MODELISATION FORMELLE DANS LA THEORIE DES BLACKBOARDS ET LA GENERICITE SOUHAITEE POUR L'ARCHITECTURE, MOTIVENT UN ESSAI DE DESCRIPTION DES DIFFERENTS COMPOSANTS (AGENTS ET CONTROLE) A L'AIDE DE RESEAUX DE PETRI. UN OUTIL DE DEVELOPPEMENT BASE SUR CE MODELE EST PROPOSE. ENFIN, CETTE THESE PROPOSE UNE DECOMPOSITION DES GRANDES FONCTIONS DU CONTROLE DE PROCESSUS DYNAMIQUES A L'AIDE DE SYSTEMES BLACKBOARDS SPECIFIQUES. TROIS APPLICATIONS VALIDENT LE MODELE ET LA DECOMPOSITION BASEE SUR DES BLACKBOARDS. ELLES SONT ISSUES DE L'INFORMATIQUE MUSICALE, DE LA TELEOPERATION ET DE LA ROBOTIQUE MOBILE
SUR ORDINATEURS PARALLELES, LA TENDANCE ACTUELLE EST D'OFFRIR AUX UTILISATEURS DEVANT IMPLANTER DES APPLICATIONS, UN NIVEAU D'ABSTRACTION ADAPTE A LEURS BESOINS. CET OBJECTIF NE PEUT ETRE ATTEINT QU'UN CONSIDERANT LE DOMAINE DES ARCHITECTURES MATERIELLES, CELUI DES NOYAUX DE SYSTEME D'EXPLOITATION ET DES ENVIRONNEMENTS DE DEVELOPPEMENT. IL S'AGIT DE GUIDER LE CHOIX DE L'UTILISATEUR EN MATIERE DE SUPPORT MATERIEL ET DE NOYAU DE SYSTEME AFIN QU'IL OBTIENNE DANS L'ENVIRONNEMENT DE PROGRAMMATION LA VUE DU PARALLELISME QU'IL SOUHAITE. L'ESSENTIEL DE NOTRE CONTRIBUTION PORTE PRINCIPALEMENT SUR LES POINTS SUIVANTS: L'APPLICATION D'UN FORMALISME AU DOMAINE DES ARCHITECTURES MIMD, LA FORMATION DES FONCTIONNALITES D'UN NOYAU DE SYSTEME D'EXPLOITATION PARALLELE, LA PROPOSITION D'UNE DEMARCHE POUR LA SELECTION D'UN NIVEAU D'ABSTRACTION SELON DEUX APPROCHES ANTAGONISTES, L'APPLICATION DU SYSTEME D'EXPLOITATION PARALLELE HELIOS AU T.NODE, LA RESOLUTION DU PLACEMENT DE TACHES, SOUS HELIOS, L'IMPLANTATION DE L'INTERFACE X/OPEN SOUS HELIOS ET SOUS LE SYSTEME PAROS. L'ARCHITECTURE MATERIELLE D'UNE MACHINE PARALLELE FOURNIT A ELLE SEULE DES CONCEPTS INTELLIGENTS QUE NOUS NOUS SOMMES PROPOSES DE FORMALISER. LE SYSTEME D'EXPLOITATION SUR CE TYPE DE MACHINE PREND PLUSIEURS DIMENSIONS SUIVANT QU'IL FOURNIT UNIQUEMENT UN ACCES AUX FONCTIONNALITES MATERIELLES OU UN NIVEAU D'ABSTRACTION TEL QU'IL CACHE LE PARALLELISME SOUS-JACENT ; NOUS PRESENTONS NOS REALISATIONS AU NIVEAU DES DIFFERENTES COUCHES D'UN SYSTEME D'EXPLOITATION. AFIN DE FACILITER LE PORTAGE D'APPLICATIONS, LES INTERFACES DE PROGRAMMATION DOIVENT OFFRIR UN CERTAIN DEGRE DE COMPATIBILITE AVEC LES ARCHITECTURES TRADITIONNELLES, NOUS AVONS FAIT LE CHOIX D'IMPLANTER L'INTERFACE X/OPEN SUR MACHINE PARALLELE. LE PASSAGE ENTRE LA PREMIERE ET LA DEUXIEME GENERATION DE MACHINES PARALLELES DE TELMAT A PERMIS DE CONFORTER NOS CHOIX ET AINSI DE CONSTRUIRE DES SOLUTIONS A DES DOMAINES D'APPLICATIONS PLUS CIBLES
This book presents the main research veins developed within the framework of the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic (ATD), a paradigm that originated in French didactics of mathematics. While a great number of publications on ATD are available in French and Spanish, Working with the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic in Mathematics Education is the first directed at English-speaking international audiences. Written and edited by leading researchers in ATD, the book covers all aspects of ATD theory and practice, including teaching applications. The chapters feature the most relevant and recent investigations presented at the 6th international conference on the ATD, offering a unique opportunity for an international audience interested in the study of mathematics teaching and learning to keep in touch with advances in educational research. The book is divided into four sections and the contributions explore key topics such as: The core concept of ‘praxeology’, including its development and functionalities The need for new teaching praxeologies in the paradigm of questioning the world The impact of ATD on the teaching profession and the education of teachers This is the second volume in the New Perspectives on Research in Mathematics Education. This comprehensive casebook is an indispensable resource for researchers, teachers and graduate students around the world.
This book offers a unique perspective on ways in which mathematicians: perceive their students' learning; teach; reflect on their teaching practice. Elena Nardi achieves this by employing two fictional, yet entirely data-grounded, characters to create a conversation on these important issues. The construction of these characters is based on large bodies of data including intense focused group interviews with mathematicians and extensive analyses of students' written work, collected and analyzed over a substantial period.
The era of chemical and biological megadeath is upon us, and the potential of deadly biowarfare attacks from governments, militant independent groups, and even individuals is far greater than it has been at any time in the past. At this time, more than twenty-five countries are developing, or have stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons, in many cases in sufficient quantities to wipe out the entire population of the world. So far the danger of chemical and biological aggression has been little acknowledged, and, at least in America, little prepared for by federal and local government. Most terrorist threats and attacks are not widely reported in the mainstream media. Although information about the proliferation of man-made diseases is carefully suppressed by governments and the media they will be covered in the pages of this book. Not only is America unprepared and ignorant of what is happening, but the people in government and scientific professions who do know, who should be warning the American public about the dangers of chemical and biological terrorism, are instead doing their utmost to hide this information from us; information that is vital for our survival.The information that is contained in the pages of this book will not be measured or calculated to reassure people that everything is fine, when reassurance is the exact opposite of what is needed at this time. It may even give you nightmares when you realise the real circumstance that we are in. The information in the pages that follow will be the truth about the biowarfare threat to America.
This is a text that contains the latest in thinking and the best in practice. It provides a state-of-the-art statement on tertiary teaching from a multi-perspective standpoint. No previous book has attempted to take such a wide view of the topic. The book will be of special interest to academic mathematicians, mathematics educators, and educational researchers. It arose from the ICMI Study into the teaching and learning of mathematics at university level (initiated at the conference in Singapore, 1998).
Based on the 1987 International Commission on Mathematical Instruction conference, this volume comprises key papers on the role of mathematics in applied subjects.
How can we deal with the diversity of theories in mathematics education? This was the main question that led the authors of this book to found the Networking Theories Group. Starting from the shared assumption that the existence of different theories is a resource for mathematics education research, the authors have explored the possibilities of interactions between theories, such as contrasting, coordinating, and locally integrating them. The book explains and illustrates what it means to network theories; it presents networking as a challenging but fruitful research practice and shows how the Group dealt with this challenge considering five theoretical approaches, namely the approach of Action, Production, and Communication (APC), the Theory of Didactical Situations (TDS), the Anthropological Theory of the Didactic (ATD), the approach of Abstraction in Context (AiC), and the Theory of Interest-Dense Situations (IDS). A synthetic presentation of each theory and their connections shows how the activity of networking generates questions at the theoretical, methodological and practical levels and how the work on these questions leads to both theoretical and practical progress. The core of the book consists of four new networking case studies which illustrate what exactly can be gained by this approach and what kind of difficulties might arise.