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The study explored constructions of sexuality among young people of Venda in Limpopo, South Africa, and cultural practices that can be used to develop context-specific HIV prevention programmes. HIV prevention can be promoted by including some cultural practices in prevention programmes and changing some aspects of culture that may contribute negatively to health. Six focus group discussions were held with school-going young people (Grades 10 to 12) in urban and rural areas to explore their constructions of sexuality and HIV risk. Four focus group discussions were held with community leaders in the same areas to explore their constructions of young people’s sexuality and cultural practices relevant to HIV prevention. Through discourse analysis, the following dominant discourses that influence young people’s sexual risk behaviour were identified: rite of passage, the male sexual drive discourse (sex is natural and unavoidable); discourse of hegemonic masculinity (sex to prove masculinity); sex as a commodity; non-adherence to cultural practices; and HIV is normalised (AIDS is like flu). Some alternative constructions and shifts in gender norms were noticed, especially among female participants. The constructions of young people were not culture-specific but similar to those identified in other South African cultures. Community leaders identified a few cultural practices that could be considered in HIV prevention, for example, reinstating the rite of passage to provide age-appropriate sex and HIV education (behavioural intervention), and promoting traditional male circumcision (biological intervention). Cultural practices that contribute negatively to health should be challenged such as current constructions of gender roles (masculinity and femininity) and the practice that parents do not talk to young people about sex (both structural interventions).
Whilst there is an extensive body of research exploring the barriers to gender equality and female empowerment in high-income states, there are far fewer systematic analyses within lower-income settings. This book draws on extensive empirical data to analyse gender mainstreaming and gender transformative actions in Tanzanian higher education. The book maps the practical landscape of gender mainstreaming across 14 universities in Tanzania, and the theoretical landscape of African theories of masculinities and femininities underpinning educational institutions and practices. It then assesses the Gender Awareness and Transformation through Education project, which was designed to support the development of gender expertise and capacities in research and education at one specific institution, across both its administrative and academic units. Current and future academics at Dar es Salaam University College of Education were trained in gender-based research and education, and a strategic plan was developed to guide in the establishment of a Gender Research Centre that will provide gender expertise in research and teaching to the College; and, over time, to other HEIs nationally and regionally. By bringing together real-world insights from action-based research, the book demonstrates the impact of real-time social change and gender transformation, with implications both for Tanzania and beyond. Bringing novel empirical insights and policy recommendations, this book will be of interest to researchers and policy makers across the fields of gender studies, education, and African studies.
Talks about how sex education and HIV prevention programmes help young people in Botswana, Nigeria and Tanzania to make better informed decisions about their sexual behaviour.
This innovative ethnography of young people's sexual relationships in rural Africa combines the validity of detailed qualitative research with the representativeness of a large scale study, providing a rich analysis with which to question and interpret survey data on adolescent sexual health. It describes the variety of young people's sexual relationships, the contradictory norms and expectations that lead them to be concealed, the ubiquity of material exchange for sex, and poor understandings of contraception and HIV/AIDS.
South Africa is in the midst of a severe HIV epidemic and prevention efforts to date have had only limited success. The aim of this dissertation is to provide insight into behavioral and attitudinal dynamics that continue to support the spread of the virus, particularly those that may not be adequately addressed in current prevention efforts. All three papers use data from a nationally representative, household HIV survey conducted among 15-24 year olds in South Africa. The first paper explores the HIV risk associated with concurrency or overlapping sexual partnerships. It finds that concurrency is associated with increased risk for HIV infection among women, but not men, after controlling for key demographic characteristics, risk factors, and sexual health characteristics. The findings underscore the need for frank, concerted messages about fidelity and highlight the need to address contextual issues such as poverty, unemployment, and gender power inequities.