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This comprehensive edited treatise discusses the neurological, physiological, and cognitive aspects of interlimb coordination. It is unique in promoting a multidisciplinary perspective through introductory chapter contributions from experts in the neurosciences, experimental and developmental psychology, and kinesiology. Beginning with chapters defining the neural basis of interlimb coordination in animals, the book progresses toward an understanding of human locomotor control and coordination and the underlying brain structures and nerves that make such control possible. Section two focuses on the dynamics of interlimb coordination and the physics of movement. The final section presents information on how practice and experience affect coordination, including general skill acquisition, learning to walk, and the process involved in rhythmic tapping.
Neuro-Behavioral Determinants of Interlimb Coordination: A multidisciplinary approach focuses on bimanual coordination against the broader context of the coordination between the upper and lower limbs. However, it is also broad in scope in that it reviews recent developments in the study of coordination by means of the latest technologies for the study of brain function, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, magneto-encephalography, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. In addition, new developments in recovery of interlimb coordination following spinal cord injury and other insults of the central nervous system, such as stroke, are reviewed. Neuro-Behavioral Determinants of Interlimb Coordination: A multidisciplinary approach is intended to be a helpful source of information for scientists in basic research as well as practioners involved in clinical settings. Those who will benefit most are neuroscientists, neurologists, neuropsychologists, cognitive neuroscientists, kinesiologists, motor and rehabilitation scientists, physical therapists etc. Special efforts have been made to make the contents accessible to graduate students by means of review chapters that contain explanatory boxes. We hope to convey our excitement and enthusiasm about the field of interlimb coordination and what it has to offer as a prototypical vehicle for a cognitive neuroscience approach to movement control.
The dynamic dominance hypothesis of motor lateralization proposes that in right-handed individuals, the left hemisphere is specialized for intersegmental limb coordination and predictive control, and the right hemisphere is specialized for impedance control. This model predicts a dominant arm advantage for intersegmental coordination which has largely been demonstrated in discrete reaching movements. However, much of this work is restricted to unilateral conditions and many of the tasks we perform in everyday life require use of both limbs simultaneously. We now ask whether this coordination advantage extends to bilateral movements. Our dynamic dominance hypothesis predicts that interlimb differences in coordination should persist for single segment, multiarticular cyclic movements and that they should persist during bimanual movements. Research on bimanual coordination seems to be split between literature suggesting a 'coupling' under bimanual movements, with limbs favoring synchronous and symmetric movements, while other lines of work focus on asynchronies and asymmetries between the dominant and non-dominant during bimanual movements, including a dominant arm advantage. This has led to competing hypotheses for bimanual coordination, with interlimb 'coupling' hypotheses predicting that limbs become more symmetric and synchronous during bimanual movements due to a preference for functional muscle groups to act as a single unit, allowing central control mechanisms to utilize one control signal for both limbs. An alternative view of bimanual coordination can be referred to as a goal-equivalent hypothesis, which predicts that interlimb differences are only constrained when they are detrimental to task performance. To investigate these hypotheses of bimanual coordination, we created a task with multiple degrees of freedom in which redundant movements were not restrained. Thirty-two right-handed young adults performed cyclic horizontal plane wrist movements, largely reflected by radial-ulnar deviation. Movements were performed both unilaterally and bilaterally at two frequencies. Participants were instructed to restrict movements to the horizontal plane. Movements outside of the task plane were measured and quantified as vertical displacement and coordination of the multiple degrees of wrist movement was quantified as wrist circumduction. Regardless of instructed frequency, the non-dominant hand displayed significantly greater circumduction. Interestingly, in bilateral movements, circumduction was greater than unilateral movements for both hands, however interlimb differences persisted. This asymmetry supports the predictions of the dynamic dominance hypothesis and extends the hypothesis to multi-degree-of-freedom distal segments. Our findings also align with a goal-equivalent hypothesis, as out-of-task plane coordination was not symmetric during bimanual conditions, suggesting that tendencies for motor symmetry only apply to movements contributing to the task goal.
Neuro-Behavioral Determinants of Interlimb Coordination: A multidisciplinary approach focuses on bimanual coordination against the broader context of the coordination between the upper and lower limbs. However, it is also broad in scope in that it reviews recent developments in the study of coordination by means of the latest technologies for the study of brain function, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging, near-infrared spectroscopy, magneto-encephalography, and transcranial magnetic stimulation. In addition, new developments in recovery of interlimb coordination following spinal cord injury and other insults of the central nervous system, such as stroke, are reviewed.
Two experiments were conducted in an attempt to further the understanding of how previously identified intrinsic constraints and perceptual factors interact in influencing the learning and performance of various bimanual coordination patterns. The purpose of Experiment 1 was to determine the influence of Lissajous feedback on 1:1 bimanual coordination patterns (0°, 90°, 180° phase lags) when the movement amplitudes of the two limbs were different. Participants coordinated rhythmic movements of their forearms while being provided separate feedback for each limb (no- Lissajous group) or integrated feedback (Lissajous group). Data from Experiment 1 supports the notion that the lead-lag relationship as well as amplitude assimilation between limbs observed in the literature can be partially attributed to the visualperceptual factors present in the testing environment. When participants are provided integrated feedback in the form of Lissajous plots and templates much of the lead-lag and amplitude assimilation effects were eliminated and relative phase error and variability were also greatly reduced after only 3 min of practice under each condition. Results from recent experiments suggest that when the salient visual information (Lissajous feedback) is removed, performance in bimanual coordination tasks rapidly deteriorates. The purpose of Experiment 2 was to determine if reducing the frequency of feedback presentation will decrease the reliance on the feedback and will facilitate the development of an internal representation that will improve performance when visual feedback is removed. Participants receiving reduced frequency feedback presentation were able to perform a delayed retention test with the feedback removed as well as the test with feedback present. Data from Experiment 2 demonstrates that salient extrinsic Lissajous feedback can effectively be combined with reduced frequency feedback presentation in a way that performance levels, when tested without the availability of feedback, match those obtained when tested in the presence of Lissajous feedback. Taken together the present experiments add to the growing literature that supports the notion that salient perceptual information can override some aspects of the system's intrinsic dynamics typically linked to motor output control. The strong tendencies toward the intrinsic dynamics found in numerous previous bimanual movement studies and the difficulties in producing various coordination patterns may actually represent detrimental effects attributable to the perceptual information available in the environment and the attentional focus participants adopt. Given external integrated salient visual information participants can essentially tune-in and learn difficult bimanual coordination patterns with relatively little practice.
A number of movements produced in everyday life require not only coordination of joints within a limb, but also coordination between one or more limbs. The aim of this dissertation was to examine the influence of biomechanical constraints on intralimb coordination, interlimb coordination, and learning. Experiment 1 sought to determine if principles of the Leading Joint Hypothesis, when applied to a multijoint bimanual coordination task, could provide insight into the contribution of intralimb dynamics to interlimb coordination. Participants repetitively traced ellipse templates in an asymmetrical coordination pattern (i.e. both limbs moving counter-clockwise). Kinematic data of the upper limbs were recorded with a VICON camera system. Ellipse templates were oriented either tilted right or tilted left; yielding a total of four left arm-right arm leading joint combinations. The findings indicated that stability of interlimb coordination patterns were found to be influenced by whether arm movements were produced with similar or different leading joints. Bimanual asymmetric ellipse-tracing produced with similar leading joints were more stable than patterns produced with different leading joints. For example, asymmetric coordination patterns produced with similar leading joints exhibited less transient behavior than coordination patterns produced with different leading joints (p
"Background: Bimanual coordination is a major component of normal movement. Coordination impairments are common following stroke and may lead to limitations in performance of activities of daily living, participation and quality of life. Coordination deficits are under evaluated in patients with stroke due to the lack of validated assessments. Therefore, the clinical relationship between bimanual coordination deficits and limitations in functional recovery is unclear. Objective: The Interlimb Coordination test (ILC2) is one element of a comprehensive outcome measure (Comprehensive Coordination Scale) developed by our group, to assess coordination at two levels of movement description based on observational kinematics. This study aims to describe the construct validity of the ILC2, according to the COSMIN (COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health status Measurement INstruments) panel definition, assessing upper limb (UL) bimanual coordination in healthy individuals and in individuals with chronic stroke. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Thirteen healthy individuals and 13 individuals who have had a stroke performed synchronous anti-phase forearm rotations for 10 seconds under 4 conditions: internally-paced self-paced (IP1), fast internally-paced (IP2), slow externally-paced (EP1), and fast externally-paced (EP2). Trunk, shoulder and elbow kinematics were recorded with an electromagnetic 9 sensor Polhemus system. Primary outcome measures (continuous relative phase, cross-correlation and lag) and secondary outcome measures (trunk and UL displacements and rotations) were compared to detect differences between groups using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) or repeated measure ANOVA. Between-group data were compared in a matched-speed condition in which frequency of arm rotation was similar. Based on the analysis, IP1 in the healthy group was compared to IP2 in the stroke group. To test the construct validity of the clinical ILC2, scores were correlated with primary and secondary outcome measures, scores on a similar test (Finger-To-Nose test); sensorimotor impairment scores at the Body function/structure level (Fugl-Meyer Assessment for the Upper Limb) and the Activity level (Chedoke Arm and Hand Activity Inventory) using Spearman correlation or Chi-square correlations. Results: Participants in both groups had similar sociodemographic characteristics. In the stroke group, participants had mild to moderate UL sensorimotor impairment and activity limitations, with no marked cognitive, sensory or proprioceptive deficits. Participants with stroke moved slower than healthy participants in all conditions, except EP1. Cross-correlation coefficient was lower (i.e. closer to 0) in the stroke group in the IP1 condition, but continuous relative phase and lag were similar between groups. In the IP1 condition, participants with stroke used more trunk rotation and shoulder abduction of the more-affected arm. In the matched-speed condition, participants with stroke used more trunk rotation and side-flexion and shoulder abduction of both arms, but less shoulder rotation of the more-affected arm compared to controls. In the stroke group, in the IP fast condition, ILC2 synchronicity and total scores were related to temporal coordination measure. ILC2 total score was also related to greater shoulder rotation of the more-affected arm. ILC2 score were not related to scores of clinical assessments.Conclusion: The ILC2, one of six tests in the CCS, is a valid measure of bimanual coordination in people with chronic stroke. Significance: The ILC2 may be used by clinicians to objectively assess UL bilateral coordination in individuals who have had a stroke, to help establish functional treatment goals and to monitor the effects of treatment interventions"--
Introduction. Object manipulation is crucial for functional independence and quality of life, yet children with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) often have difficulty with tasks requiring use of their involved arm or hand. One popular method for evaluating manual control involves measuring the coordination of grip force (G) and load force (L). Evidence suggests that movements of both arms may arise from common bimanual control mechanisms during the execution of symmetrical bimanual tasks; however, little is known about the effect of a bimanual task constraint on G and L coordination for the CP population. Purpose. In this study, I aimed to determine how bimanual execution of a task affects G and L coordination by way of scaling and coupling. To accomplish this, I compared data from the bimanual task constraint with those collected during unimanual execution. I hypothesized that the CP group would show poorer scaling and coupling of G and L for their involved side during unimanual tasks and that the bimanual task constraint would prompt more ideal coordination of G and L for the involved side. Methods . Six CP participants (4 boys, 2 girls; mean age = 11.65 +/- 1.82) and 6 typically-developing (TD; 4 boys, 2 girls; mean age = 11.61 +/- 1.59) control participants matched for age and gender performed simple lifting and force-matching tasks by way of isometric unimanual or bimanual pulling using a device that measures G and L by way of six force transducers across two 4.5-inch handles. To provide a standardized measure of manual function, I also administered the Jebsen-Taylor Test of Hand Function to all participants. Results . Participants in the CP group showed severe involvement on one side through much longer times on the Jebsen-Taylor Test (p 0.05). Times to completion for all but two subtests were also longer for the non-involved side as compared to the dominant side of the TD group (p