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One of the targets of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the period 2015-2030 is to end the global TB epidemic. In line with this target, the WHO End TB Strategy, approved by the World Health Assembly in 2014, calls for a 90% reduction in TB deaths and an 80% decrease in the TB incidence rate by 2030. The strategy emphasizes the need for prevention across all approaches, including infection prevention and control (IPC) in health care services and other settings where the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission is high. IPC practices are vital to reduce the risk of M. tuberculosis transmission, by reducing the concentration of infectious droplet nuclei in the air and the exposure of susceptible individuals to such aerosols. Initial WHO recommendations on TB IPC focused primarily on decreasing the risk of transmission in health care facilities in resource-limited settings.17,18 These initial recommendations were then expanded in 2009 to provide further guidance on the use of specific measures for health care facilities, congregate settings and households. After the 2009 guidelines had been in effect for almost 10 years, the need for an update was anticipated, to provide a revised evidence assessment, reinforcing earlier recommendations and linking to core components of effective IPC programmes overall. The present updated guidelines also stress the importance of implementing IPC measures in a systematic and objective way that prioritizes consideration of the hierarchy of IPC controls.
A document with far-reaching potential and applications in trans health and human rights in the region. The purpose is to strengthen and enhance the policy-related, clinical, and public health responses for trans people in Asia and the Pacific. The primary audience is health providers, policymakers and governments. The Blueprint is organised into two components. The first half outlines the history and background of this document and summarises the health and human rights context of trans people in this region. The second half collates good practice advice, including examples of primary care protocols for health professionals working with trans people.
Introduction to Global Health is a comprehensive look at today’s most critical global health concerns and the actions that people around the world are taking to solve public health problems and to promote health and wellbeing. The Fourth Edition of Introduction to Global Health maintains the clarity and ease of use of the prior edition, while featuring a greater emphasis on the specific interventions that are being implemented to promote longer, healthier lives worldwide and prevent disease, disability, and early death in countries of all income levels. Every chapter balances material about pandemics, climate change, and other emerging threats to global public health with evidence of how global health interventions are enabling progress toward achieving health equity.
False-Positive HIV Test Results By: Dr. Hugues Fidele Batsielilit, Ph.D False-Positive HIV Test Results is written as a result of the findings and experiences of Dr. Hugues Fidele Batsielilit, Ph.D., during the implementation of infectious diseases programs in several African countries. Sadly, he observed there was consistent denial of existing evidence of false-positive HIV test results within African communities, particularly in areas of underprivileged populations living in remote areas. The writing of this book was further prompted by the disregard for the increasing impact false-positive results have on individuals and communities resulting in an overall failure in the confidence Africans have for battling the soaring negative impacts of HIV. The issue of false-positive HIV test results should not be restricted to only perceptive or conceptual fact and advice for conventional harmless procedures. Rather, it must be presented and focused upon as a persistent and challenging negative issue with need for urgent actions along with diverse approaches to mitigate it and the pervasive impact it has on Africans.
This book provides a reference guide in the field of dermatology, presenting and discussing its interface with public health. Dermatological diseases are extremely common in populations around the globe, and the systematization of knowledge about these dermatoses and their relationships with different epidemiological factors may help us to understand the challenges that governments and private institutions face and must try to overcome in order to improve global health. Undergraduate and graduate students, dermatologists and general practitioners who study and / or work in the area will find scientific support in this book, which is intended as a reference work for dermatological practice and public health. The book has ten sections addressing carefully selected topics, including: 1. concepts in dermatoepidemiology and the international strategies in programs of Public Health; 2-6. the most significant skin diseases (including dermatology in tropical medicine) ; 7. diseases that are not primarily dermatological, but have a high impact on public health and may have skin and mucosal manifestations; 8. a number of emerging issues in dermatology in public health; 9. clinical approaches (diagnosis and management) to common dermatological symptoms and 10. multidisciplinary approaches in dermatology. The editors have brought together authors with extensive experience in their respective fields in order to provide a reference book for those involved in or with an interest in the relationship between dermatology and public health.
This book reviews and discusses future opportunities and tools for emerging challenges in HIV/ADS control. Although significant progress has been made in the prevention, control, and care of HIV/AIDS, challenges continue to emerge. Over six sections, the book discusses a myriad of subjects, including obstacles to treatment, risk factors, demographics, testing, comorbidities, mental health, and much more.
The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration funded the multisite Young Adults in the Workplace (YIW) initiative to study the effectiveness of diverse approaches to workplace-based prevention of substance abuse. Six teams adapted evidence-based programs to target young employees and then implemented the programs in retail, restaurant, health care, construction, skilled trade, and transportation industry workplaces. This book describes the programs, the adaptation and implementation processes, and the YIW cross-site evaluation.
Testing and diagnosis of hepatitis B (HBV) and C (HCV) infection is the gateway for access to both prevention and treatment services, and is a crucial component of an effective response to the hepatitis epidemic. Early identification of persons with chronic HBV or HCV infection enables them to receive the necessary care and treatment to prevent or delay progression of liver disease. Testing also provides an opportunity to link people to interventions to reduce transmission, through counselling on risk behaviors and provision of prevention commodities (such as sterile needles and syringes) and hepatitis B vaccination. These are the first WHO guidelines on testing for chronic HBV and HCV infection and complement published guidance by WHO on the prevention, care and treatment of chronic hepatitis C and hepatitis B infection. These guidelines outline the public health approach to strengthening and expanding current testing practices for HBV and HCV, and are intended for use across age groups and populations.