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This book presents a bold new theory of the processes of collective decision-making that draws on theoretical influences ranging from group decision theory through to the authors' own social representations theory. Moscovici and Doise offer a novel analysis of group conflict and the construction of consensus to produce a general theory of collective decisions. Going beyond the traditional view that compromise is a negative process where group members merely comply in order to sustain cohesion, the authors argue that the conflict at the root of group decisions can be a positive force leading to changes in opinion and to innovation. Their theoretical framework is illustrated in depth with numerous empirical investigations fro
First published in 1979, in Conflict and Consensus in France a number of authorities on French politics examine some of the basic problems of legitimacy, consensus formation and conflict resolution which the regime continues to face after the elections of March 1978. Early in 1978 the French Fifth Republic, then twenty five years old, appeared to be facing a major political and constitutional crisis. That crisis did not materialize as the result of the totally unexpected defeat of the left in the March 1978 elections. Professor Douglas Johnson analyses the historical debate about the divisions in French society. John Frears raises the question of the validity of President Giscard d'Estaing's views on legitimacy and consensus. Vincent Wright looks at the conflicts which emerged during the March 1978 election campaign and the extent to which they have been resolved. 'Dissentient France' is examined by Professor Jack Hayward while Anne Stevens explores the conflicts which riddle the French administration. Four policy areas are then analyzed by Diana Green, Ezra Suleiman, Dorothy Pickles and Howard Machin in order to determine the extent of conflict and consensus among the French political elites. This is an important historical reference work for students and scholars of French politics.
The end of the Cold War has changed the shape of organized violence in the world and the ways in which governments and others try to set its limits. Even the concept of international conflict is broadening to include ethnic conflicts and other kinds of violence within national borders that may affect international peace and security. What is not yet clear is whether or how these changes alter the way actors on the world scene should deal with conflict: Do the old methods still work? Are there new tools that could work better? How do old and new methods relate to each other? International Conflict Resolution After the Cold War critically examines evidence on the effectiveness of a dozen approaches to managing or resolving conflict in the world to develop insights for conflict resolution practitioners. It considers recent applications of familiar conflict management strategies, such as the use of threats of force, economic sanctions, and negotiation. It presents the first systematic assessments of the usefulness of some less familiar approaches to conflict resolution, including truth commissions, "engineered" electoral systems, autonomy arrangements, and regional organizations. It also opens up analysis of emerging issues, such as the dilemmas facing humanitarian organizations in complex emergencies. This book offers numerous practical insights and raises key questions for research on conflict resolution in a transforming world system.
Switzerland has long been an enigma in this age of cultural nationalism: Its people speak four different languages and practice two major religions yet have managed to live in relative harmony. At a time when the internal solidity of many countries is being shattered by discordant ethnic groups, the situation in Switzerland lends credibility to the refreshing perspective that peaceful co-existence of heterogeneous people is indeed possible. Schmid analyzes the development of Switzerland's harmonious ethnic diversity, arguing that this country has been able to establish a common "civic culture" that transcends cultural and ethnic boundaries and provides the foundation for the toleration among the various linguistic and religions groups that is generally evident today. Regional autonomy, linguistic equality, a coalition of the political leaders of all the major communities, and proportionality for parliamentary election and allocation of civil service appointment has helped the diverse groups achieve a stable an relatively amicable confederation of cantons. Though surrounded by countries that define nationalism linguistically, Switzerland defies this norm and is instead united by a self-conscious politcal definition of nationhood. Schmid also examines the delicate problems this vital country now faces: How will it deal with the political status of the Jura--a region repeatedly threatened by intense linguistic and religious conflict, and what will be the fate of that voiceless, non-national, political minority--the foreign workers who threaten to disrupt Switzerland's complex balance of ethnic forces? This title is part of UC Press's Voices Revived program, which commemorates University of California Press's mission to seek out and cultivate the brightest minds and give them voice, reach, and impact. Drawing on a backlist dating to 1893, Voices Revived makes high-quality, peer-reviewed scholarship accessible once again using print-on-demand technology. This title was originally published in 1981.
With its unique blend of political history and political theory, this book is a welcome addition to the series on Politics, Culture and Society in the New Europe. Nick Hewlett begins his fascinating study with a discussion of the various ways in which the concept of democracy has been interpreted. He continues by tracing the effect of France's revolutionary tradition on the theory and practice of democracy since the Enlightenment, looking in particular at both republican democracy and direct democracy. Hewlett examines the implications for democracy of profound social and political conflict in France and offers an unusual critique of the institutions and structures of formal politics, suggesting that their relationship with democracy is more tenuous than is often assumed. The political philosophy of `new liberals' such as Luc Ferry and Marcel Gauchet is also discussed in detail. Thought-provoking, original and closely-argued, this book explores some key aspects of politics in France whilst making a strong case for greater direct participation of ordinary people in politics. Nick Hewlett is Professor of French Studies and Director of the Centre for European Research at Oxford Brookes University. He is author of Modern French Politics. Conflict and Consensus since 1945 (1998), co-author of Contemporary France (with Jill Forbes and François Nectoux, 1994 and 2001), and co-editor of Currents in Contemporary French intellectual Life (with Christopher Flood, 2000) and Unity and Diversity in the New Europe (with Barrie Axford and Daniela Berghahn, 2000).
Schmid discusses this anomaly, concluding that Switzerland remains "united by a self-conscious political definition of nationhood", having developed a system early in its history that has ensured all ethnic and religious groups fair treatment politically, socially, and economically.
Scholars working in or sympathetic to American political development (APD) share a commitment to accurately understanding the history of American politics - and thus they question stylized facts about America's political evolution. Like other approaches to American politics, APD prizes analytical rigor, data collection, the development and testing of theory, and the generation of provocative hypotheses. Much APD scholarship indeed overlaps with the American politics subfield and its many well developed literatures on specific institutions or processes (for example Congress, judicial politics, or party competition), specific policy domains (welfare policy, immigration), the foundations of (in)equality in American politics (the distribution of wealth and income, race, ethnicity, gender, class, and sexual and gender orientation), public law, and governance and representation. What distinguishes APD is careful, systematic thought about the ways that political processes, civic ideals, the political construction of social divisions, patterns of identity formation, the making and implementation of public policies, contestation over (and via) the Constitution, and other formal and informal institutions and processes evolve over time - and whether (and how) they alter, compromise, or sustain the American liberal democratic regime. APD scholars identify, in short, the histories that constitute American politics. They ask: what familiar or unfamiliar elements of the American past illuminate the present? Are contemporary phenomena that appear new or surprising prefigured in ways that an APD approach can bring to the fore? If a contemporary phenomenon is unprecedented then how might an accurate understanding of the evolution of American politics unlock its significance? Featuring contributions from leading academics in the field, The Oxford Handbook of American Political Development provides an authoritative and accessible analysis of the study of American political development.
The first of two volumes of Seymour Martin Lipsit's major papers deals with social and political conflict and, to a lesser extent, the way in which value systems and political institutions maintain order and consensus. Together these papers expound Lipset's thesis that, although all complex societies are characterized by a high degree of internal tension and conflict, consensual institutions and values are necessary conditions for their persistence.