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This manual is a practical guide for state highway agency personnel who are faced with the day-to-day task of cost-effectively protecting repairing, and rehabilitating concrete bridges exposed to chloride laden environments. The manual addresses the chloride induced corrosion of reinforcing steel. Methods are presented to estimate the service life and remaining service life of concrete bridge components. Economic models are presented to enable selection of the most cost effective methods. These methods include standard physical, chemical, and experimental protection, repair, and rehabilitation. Also, rapid bridge deck protection, repair, and rehabilitation methods are presented. Two mechanized concrete removal methods, milling and hydrodemolition, are compared to the traditional method, pneumatic breakers. The advantages of combining the strengths of the three removal methods are also presented.
This report presents a study on estimating the service life cycle of reinforced concrete bridge components exposed to chloride-laden environments. Current treatment options are identified and an opinion survey was used to obtain first estimates of service life. To estimate the service life of untreated and rehabilitated bridge decks, data from 52 bridge decks distributed in different environmental conditions were collected. Models estimating the service life of untreated and rehabilitated bridge decks were developed and compared with models developed based on historical data and the time-to-rehabilitate model.
This report presents the rapid methods used by state highway agencies for the protection, repair and rehabilitation of bridge decks. The report is based on a review of the literature; the responses to questionnaires sent to state departments of transportation, Canadian provinces, selected turnpike and thruway authorities, technology transfer centers, and material suppliers; and the evaluation of 50 bridge decks located in seven states. Polymer overlays, sealers, high-early strength hydraulic cement concrete overlays, and patches are compared for their performance characteristics and service life.
This study examined and developed feasible chemical methods for the corrosion protection of reinforcing steel in concrete bridges. A broad spectrum of chemicals were evaluated: corrosion inhibitors, chloride scavengers, and polyaphrons. Inhibitors were evaluated and recommendations were made. Reinforced concrete specimens were cast and subjected to repeated exposure to sodium chloride solution and evaluated to investigate the inhibitors effectiveness after removing contaminated concrete. Corrosion progress was monitored. Polyaphrons were investigated as a possible corrosion preventor/reducer inhibitor. Based on results, polyaphrons are not recommended as a practical concrete bridge treatment.
A systematic methodology is presented for highway agencies to use at the project level to determine the most cost-effective treatment, and its timing, for specific concrete bridge components that are deteriorating or are subject to deterioration. The methodology is set forth in the form of both a handbook and a computer program. The methodology in its present form applies only when the predominant concrete deterioration is associated with chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel. The methodology is designed to be flexible and can be tailored to suit the needs of individual highway agencies.
This report provides cost information on chemical and physical techniques for concrete bridge protection and rehabilitation. The information provided here constitutes an essential component in the process of determining life-cycle costs for ranking of alternative protection/rehabilitation techniques. Most of the cost data were obtained from bid tabulations provided by state highway agencies. Costs obtained from the bid tabulations were converted to mid-1991 national average values. The latter data for each protection/rehabilitation treatment were subjected to detailed statistical analysis in order to develop cost models reflecting the effect of 4 independent variables: work quantity, number of bids, total contract cost, and cost of maintenance and protection of traffic. Eight combinations of these 4 variables were developed to be the independent variables in the regression analyses. An inverse power mathematical model was used. The details of this study are described.
In the last two decades, the rapid deterioration of bridge structures has become a serious technical and economical problem in many countries, including highly developed ones. Therefore, bridge rehabilitation has also become a very essential factor (sometimes even a decisive one) in contemporary bridge engineering. The book covers in synthetic form nearly all the most important problems concerning bridge rehabilitation, such as bridge superstructure and substructure, the typical damage observed in bridges as well as the assessment and evaluation techniques of their technical condition. The book is intended mainly for postgraduate university students. Therefore, all the problems are mostly presented in their physical, chemical and technical as well as economical aspects. The relevant requirements are treated as objective ones, i.e. irrespective of the rules, standards, regulations or guidelines particular to any country. This approach to the subject gives the book a more general character and therefore makes it a useful text for most civil engineering courses./a