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The book covers the application of numerical methods to reinforced concrete structures. To analyze reinforced concrete structures linear elastic theories are inadequate because of cracking, bond and the nonlinear and time dependent behavior of both concrete and reinforcement. These effects have to be considered for a realistic assessment of the behavior of reinforced concrete structures with respect to ultimate limit states and serviceability limit states. The book gives a compact review of finite element and other numerical methods. The key to these methods is through a proper description of material behavior. Thus, the book summarizes the essential material properties of concrete and reinforcement and their interaction through bond. These basics are applied to different structural types such as bars, beams, strut and tie models, plates, slabs and shells. This includes prestressing of structures, cracking, nonlinear stressstrain relations, creeping, shrinkage and temperature changes. Appropriate methods are developed for each structural type. Large displacement and dynamic problems are treated as well as short-term quasi-static problems and long-term transient problems like creep and shrinkage. Most problems are illustrated by examples which are solved by the program package ConFem, based on the freely available Python programming language. The ConFem source code together with the problem data is available under open source rules at concrete-fem.com. The author aims to demonstrate the potential and the limitations of numerical methods for simulation of reinforced concrete structures, addressing students, teachers, researchers and designing and checking engineers.
Concrete is by far the most used building material due to its advantages: it is shapeable, cost-effective and available everywhere. Combined with reinforcement it provides an immense bandwidth of properties and may be customized for a huge range of purposes. Thus, concrete is the building material of the 20th century. To be the building material of the 21th century its sustainability has to move into focus. Reinforced concrete structures have to be designed expending less material whereby their load carrying potential has to be fully utilized. Computational methods such as Finite Element Method (FEM) provide essential tools to reach the goal. In combination with experimental validation, they enable a deeper understanding of load carrying mechanisms. A more realistic estimation of ultimate and serviceability limit states can be reached compared to traditional approaches. This allows for a significantly improved utilization of construction materials and a broader horizon for innovative structural designs opens up. However, sophisticated computational methods are usually provided as black boxes. Data is fed in, the output is accepted as it is, but an understanding of the steps in between is often rudimentary. This has the risk of misinterpretations, not to say invalid results compared to initial problem definitions. The risk is in particular high for nonlinear problems. As a composite material, reinforced concrete exhibits nonlinear behaviour in its limit states, caused by interaction of concrete and reinforcement via bond and the nonlinear properties of the components. Its cracking is a regular behaviour. The book aims to make the mechanisms of reinforced concrete transparent from the perspective of numerical methods. In this way, black boxes should also become transparent. Appropriate methods are described for beams, plates, slabs and shells regarding quasi-statics and dynamics. Concrete creeping, temperature effects, prestressing, large displacements are treated as examples. State of the art concrete material models are presented. Both the opportunities and the pitfalls of numerical methods are shown. Theory is illustrated by a variety of examples. Most of them are performed with the ConFem software package implemented in Python and available under open-source conditions.
Computational Methods in Nonlinear Structural and Solid Mechanics covers the proceedings of the Symposium on Computational Methods in Nonlinear Structural and Solid Mechanics. The book covers the development of efficient discretization approaches; advanced numerical methods; improved programming techniques; and applications of these developments to nonlinear analysis of structures and solids. The chapters of the text are organized into 10 parts according to the issue they tackle. The first part deals with nonlinear mathematical theories and formulation aspects, while the second part covers computational strategies for nonlinear programs. Part 3 deals with time integration and numerical solution of nonlinear algebraic equations, while Part 4 discusses material characterization and nonlinear fracture mechanics, and Part 5 tackles nonlinear interaction problems. The sixth part discusses seismic response and nonlinear analysis of concrete structure, and the seventh part tackles nonlinear problems for nuclear reactors. Part 8 covers crash dynamics and impact problems, while Part 9 deals with nonlinear problems of fibrous composites and advanced nonlinear applications. The last part discusses computerized symbolic manipulation and nonlinear analysis software systems. The book will be of great interest to numerical analysts, computer scientists, structural engineers, and other professionals concerned with nonlinear structural and solid mechanics.
The considerable influence of inherent uncertainties on structural behavior has led the engineering community to recognize the importance of a stochastic approach to structural problems. Issues related to uncertainty quantification and its influence on the reliability of the computational models are continuously gaining in significance. In particular, the problems of dynamic response analysis and reliability assessment of structures with uncertain system and excitation parameters have been the subject of continuous research over the last two decades as a result of the increasing availability of powerful computing resources and technology. This book is a follow up of a previous book with the same subject (ISBN 978-90-481-9986-0) and focuses on advanced computational methods and software tools which can highly assist in tackling complex problems in stochastic dynamic/seismic analysis and design of structures. The selected chapters are authored by some of the most active scholars in their respective areas and represent some of the most recent developments in this field. The book consists of 21 chapters which can be grouped into several thematic topics including dynamic analysis of stochastic systems, reliability-based design, structural control and health monitoring, model updating, system identification, wave propagation in random media, seismic fragility analysis and damage assessment. This edited book is primarily intended for researchers and post-graduate students who are familiar with the fundamentals and wish to study or to advance the state of the art on a particular topic in the field of computational stochastic structural dynamics. Nevertheless, practicing engineers could benefit as well from it as most code provisions tend to incorporate probabilistic concepts in the analysis and design of structures.
The increasing necessity to solve complex problems in Structural Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering requires the development of new ideas, innovative methods and numerical tools for providing accurate numerical solutions in affordable computing times. This book presents the latest scientific developments in Computational Dynamics, Stochastic Dynam
Computational intelligence (CI) in concrete technology has not yet been fully explored worldwide because of some limitations in data sets. This book discusses the selection and separation of data sets, performance evaluation parameters for different types of concrete and related materials, and sensitivity analysis related to various CI techniques. Fundamental concepts and essential analysis for CI techniques such as artificial neural network, fuzzy system, support vector machine, and how they work together for resolving real-life problems, are explained. Features: It is the first book on this fast-growing research field. It discusses the use of various computation intelligence techniques in concrete technology applications. It explains the effectiveness of the methods used and the wide range of available techniques. It integrates a wide range of disciplines from civil engineering, construction technology, and concrete technology to computation intelligence, soft computing, data science, computer science, and so on. It brings together the experiences of contributors from around the world who are doing research in this field and explores the different aspects of their research. The technical content included is beneficial for researchers as well as practicing engineers in the concrete and construction industry.
This book provides an insight in advanced methods and concepts for structural analysis and design against seismic loading. The book consists of 25 chapters dealing with a wide range of timely issues in contemporary Earthquake Engineering. In brief, the topics covered are: collapse assessment, record selection, effect of soil conditions, problems in seismic design, protection of monuments, earth dam structures and liquid containers, numerical methods, lifetime assessment, post-earthquake measures. A common ground of understanding is provided between the communities of Earth Sciences and Computational Mechanics towards mitigating seismic risk. The topic is of great social and scientific interest, due to the large number of scientists and practicing engineers currently working in the field and due to the great social and economic consequences of earthquakes.
A collection of research originating from WIT Conferences on Computational Methods and Earthquake Resistant Engineering Structures. In its 19th year the CMEM conference continues to provide highest quality research which forms part 1 of this book. Part 2 includes leading research as presented at the 12th edition of the ERES conference.