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Over the years, international organisations' workforce has evolved and is now composed, in a large part, of individuals who do not hold the status of staff member but are de facto part of a contractual relationship of employment nature with these organisations. As a result, this category of individuals is barred from raising a claim against the organisation because they don't have access to remedies in place for staff members nor do they have access to national courts because of the principles of immunity of jurisdiction. This paper argues that creating an arbitration forum based on the concept of compulsory arbitration for the specific purpose of addressing claims of employment nature involving international organisations will afford a greater protection of the rights of this category of individuals and enable their access to justice.
Arbitration is the normal and preferred mode for resolving international commercial disputes. It presents an essential advantage over national courts by offering neutrality of adjudication, but is currently only available where both parties have consented to it. This innovative book proposes a fundamental rethink of this assumption and argues that arbitration should become the default mode of resolution in international commercial disputes.
"...[papers] originally presented at a colloquium on Mandatory rules of law in international arbitration held at Columbia Law School in June 2007 and organized by Professor George A. Bermann of Columbia Law School and Professor Loukas A. Mistelis of the School of International Arbitration, Queen Mary University of London" -- P. vii.
Comparison of compulsory arbitration experience in Australia, Canada, the UK, Jamaica and USA - examines scope, procedures and impact. References and statistical tables.
For many years it was said that the weakness of international law was the lack of a system for the enforcement of legal obligations. Commentators pointed to the paucity of cases in the International Court and the unwillingness of States to undertake binding obligations to settle their disputes. This position has now changed beyond recognition. The number of international tribunals has increased and many of them, such as ICSID and the International Court of Justice, are busier than at any time in their history. Increasingly, the classical procedures of diplomatic protection are circumvented as corporations and individuals litigate in their own right against States in international tribunals. This book surveys the range of procedures for the settlement of international disputes, whether the disputes arise between States or between States and corporations or individuals. The first part of the book examines non-judicial procedures such as negotiation, mediation, fact-finding, as well as judicial procedures. Among the tribunals covered are ICSID, the UNCC and the Iran-US Claim Tribunal, the WTO disputes panels, ad-hoc inter-State and international commercial arbitral tribunals and the International Court of Justice. In the second part of the book the emerging principles of procedural law applied in these tribunals are discussed. Here the authors go through the entire settlement process from the agreement to submit to a settlement procedure and the constitution of the tribunal, through to the determination of the law applicable to the merits and to the procedure of the tribunal, to the review, and ultimately the recognition and enforcement of tribunal awards.