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In the mid-1930s the Mexican government expropriated millions of acres of land from hundreds of U.S. property owners as part of President Lázaro Cárdenas’s land redistribution program. Because no compensation was provided to the Americans a serious crisis, which John J. Dwyer terms “the agrarian dispute,” ensued between the two countries. Dwyer’s nuanced analysis of this conflict at the local, regional, national, and international levels combines social, economic, political, and cultural history. He argues that the agrarian dispute inaugurated a new and improved era in bilateral relations because Mexican officials were able to negotiate a favorable settlement, and the United States, constrained economically and politically by the Great Depression, reacted to the crisis with unaccustomed restraint. Dwyer challenges prevailing arguments that Mexico’s nationalization of the oil industry in 1938 was the first test of Franklin Roosevelt’s Good Neighbor policy by showing that the earlier conflict over land was the watershed event. Dwyer weaves together elite and subaltern history and highlights the intricate relationship between domestic and international affairs. Through detailed studies of land redistribution in Baja California and Sonora, he demonstrates that peasant agency influenced the local application of Cárdenas’s agrarian reform program, his regional state-building projects, and his relations with the United States. Dwyer draws on a broad array of official, popular, and corporate sources to illuminate the motives of those who contributed to the agrarian dispute, including landless fieldworkers, indigenous groups, small landowners, multinational corporations, labor leaders, state-level officials, federal policymakers, and diplomats. Taking all of them into account, Dwyer explores the circumstances that spurred agrarista mobilization, the rationale behind Cárdenas’s rural policies, the Roosevelt administration’s reaction to the loss of American-owned land, and the diplomatic tactics employed by Mexican officials to resolve the international conflict.
Considers legislation to establish a procedure for the settlement of certain claims of American nationals against Mexico and to provide for the distribution of funds awarded.
As conflict and cooperation among states turn to an ever greater extent on economic issues, this treatise presents a comprehensive exploration of the legal foundations of the international economy. The subjects covered include: the World Trade Organization and its antecedents; dumping,subsidies, and other devices that alter the market; -- the International Monetary System, including the collapse of the Bretton Woods system, the debt of the developing countries, and the rise of the euro; the law of transnational investment, including changing perceptions of the rights of host states and multinational enterprises; economicsanctions, including embargoes and boycotts; and the international aspects of competition law and of the law of the environment. Professor Lowenfeld brings to his task a life-time of practice and teaching experience to produce a book that will be of use to international lawyers and non-specialists alike.