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Un estudio comparativo en la remuneración para los servicios ambientales en áreas rurales en los países de El Salvador, Costa Rica, México y el Brasil y el estado de Nueva York.
En el presente libro se hace un primer acercamiento sistemático al estudio de esquemas de PSA en México. Se trata de un esfuerzo colectivo multifacético e intersectorial de expertos en el tema, en el que se reúnen hallazgos teórico-conceptuales, experiencias de evaluación científica e institucional, y casos específicos de análisis con el objetivo de proporcionar pautas para una mejor comprensión de las circunstancias, las problemáticas y los retos de la aplicación del PSA y de los efectos sociales y ambientales que produce.
Mediante un análisis comparativo en dos comunidades forestales ubicadas en contextos contrastantes: periferia urbana (Ciudad de México) y rural (estado de Oaxaca), esta obra presenta resultados de un proyecto de investigación científica sobre la influencia del contexto local en los efectos producidos por los programas de conservación forestal en México, tomando como base el programa Pago por Servicios Ambientales (psa).
The environmental problematics have been determined at center of the analysis and intervention at the global and local level, with porpuse to solve the current deterioration of the planet. We have become aware that the nature with which we coexist is not infinite, being necessary to problematize the relationship between nature and human population. In this scenario, payment instruments for environmental services arise as an alternative that "allows the combination of the conservation of strategic zones with the development of productive activities, in such a way that access to natural resources and environmental services is not a trigger for new scenarios of social or environmental conflict "(DNP-CONPES 3886, 2017, page 18), the instruments are conceived then from the perspective of the transformation of practices, the ecological restoration, and the assessment and promotion of the actions developed by the inhabitants of rural areas towards the conservation. This research analyzes from the Livelihoods approach, how compensation schemes for environmental services affect the livelihoods of farmer families participating in the project Compensation for Water Environmental Services of the Cali River basin. The results indicate that although the actions developed by the project were not focused on generating transformations in livelihoods, they strengthened the activities and strategies developed by families in terms of learning about the territory (human capital), strengthening of institutional and local support networks (social capital), and the conservation of natural resources (natural capital) of which their livelihoods depend. On the other hand, the development of compensation schemes for water environmental services based on linking local actors enabled the organizational and social strengthening of AcuaCali; Likewise, it made it possible to consider on the potential of the compensation schemes and the institutional recognition of the conservation actions that agricultural producers carry out on a daily considering the identification and potentialization of their role in the sustainability of the territory. And finally from this perspective it is possible to evidence transformations in strategies, activities and skills that agricultural producers and their families generate at the rate of external changes, adopting new technologies or diversifying their activities towards the transformation of their products or towards services such as the tourism.
The document summarizes the report that, based on a review of more than 250 studies, demonstrates the importance and urgency of climate action to protect the forests of the indigenous and tribal territories of Latin America as well as the indigenous and tribal peoples who protect them. These territories contain about a third of the continent's forests. That's 14% of the carbon stored in tropical forests around the world; These territories are also home to an enormous diversity of wild fauna and flora and play a key role in stabilizing the local and regional climate. Based on an analysis of the approaches that have proven effective in recent decades, a set of investments and policies is proposed for adoption by climate funders and government decision-makers in collaboration with indigenous and tribal peoples. These measures are grouped into five main categories: i) strengthening of collective territorial rights; ii) compensate indigenous and tribal communities for the environmental services they provide; iii) facilitate community forest management; iv) revitalize traditional cultures and knowledge; and v) strengthen territorial governance and indigenous and tribal organizations. Preliminary analysis suggests that these investments could significantly reduce expected carbon emissions at a low cost, in addition to offering many other environmental and social benefits.
Economic growth as we know it today cannot persist indefinitely if it entails continuous degradation of natural resources and the environment. While in a few countries around the world it appears that environmental degradation has been the result of rapid economic growth, in the vast majority of the developing countries the environment has been equally spoiled despite slow or even negative economic growth. This book provides new insights on the common roots of economic stagnation, poverty and environmental degradation which, unfortunately, generally reside in misguided government policies and priorities. By doing this, the volume seeks to provide a broader policy option framework than those found in conventional policy analyses, mainly dominated by the "Washington Consensus". It shows that a major omission of the conventional view is that governments tend to allocate government expenditures in a biased way favouring subsidies to the economic elites to the detriment of investments in public goods, including human capital, R&D, as well as the development of institutions (environmental and otherwise), which are vital for long run growth, poverty reduction and environmental sustainability.
This book provides readers a fundamental understanding of the science and applications of medicinal and aromatic plant materials. Chapters of this handbook covers the basics of ethnobotany, (bio)active compounds and their natural sources. Information about the cosmetic, nutritional, medicinal and industrial uses (dyes, tannins and biocides) is also presented. Readers will also learn about concepts central to quality control processes, sustainable management, wild harvesting and the economic valuation of the industrial impact of endemic plants. The volume also presents a case study of the wormwood (Artemisia absinthium L.), which is helpful in explaining the above concepts. This book is intended as a handbook for undergraduate students and teaching professionals in research and higher education institutions involved in agricultural engineering, pharmacy, forestry, natural product chemistry. Non experts interested in aromatic and medicinal plant agriculture, transformation and commercialization will also find the content informative.