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"Shooting trajectory reconstruction is a common discipline in the field of crime scene reconstruction. This discipline, however, has minimal published history about the origin, the most valuable techniques and methods, or journal articles. In addition, this type of reconstruction is used on a daily basis by law enforcement, but there is no validation of its procedures or tools. This study advanced the knowledge of the discipline of shooting trajectory reconstruction by applying geometric principles and modern day crime scene reconstruction techniques to help with the history of the discipline. Through the use of comparative analysis, this project determined beneficial and hindering aspects of modern tools. This was accomplished by analyzing three shooting scene reconstruction tools; specifically use of the Smart Tool, angle finder, and manual calculations utilizing a digital caliper to determine the efficiency of each technique. This project examined data taken by participants and determined the accuracy, precision, and error rate for the three tools. The study provided law enforcement with research enabling them to choose the most effective tool for crime scene analysis based on the tools tested in this project. This research also began the process validating the discipline of shooting trajectory reconstruction. A statistically significant difference in accuracy (mean bias) and precision (standard deviation) was found between the three tools. The difference between the accuracy and precision for the Smart Tool and angle finder was not statistically significant, however, the difference between those two tools and the digital caliper was significant. This difference between tools means that they cannot be averaged together when calculating results from a crime scene. No statistically significant difference in accuracy or precision was found between examiners and students, independent of the tools. Results indicate the angle finder was the most efficient tool tested. There was a statistically significant interaction found between the impact angles tested in this project. This interaction makes an overall error rate for the tools or discipline impossible."--Abstract of thesis.
This workbook is designed to assist the Crime Scene Analyst, Technician or Investigator in documenting any bullet holes and or indentations that may be present at the crime scene. This documentation could be accomplished with overall, midrange and close-up photographs, rough sketches with the required measurement and notes. The workbook is also designed to assist the Crime Scene Analyst, Technician or Investigator in understanding the different ways of determining: a. The upward (inclined) or downward (sloped) bullet impact angles to the horizontal plane and the horizontal bullet impact angles, to the left or right when facing the surface with the bullet hole, that would be needed to reconstruct the shooting incident. b. The approximate location(s) of the muzzle of the gun at the time of the shooting. The determined or calculated bullet impact angle(s) to the horizontal plane could be used by the Crime Scene Analyst, Technician or Investigator to determine the horizontal distance(s) below the path of the bullet and the distance(s) the bullet(s) traveled from the muzzle of the gun to the hole(s) in the victim or object. These distances could then be used to determine / calculate the location of the shooter for any known or assumed muzzle height(s) based on the orientation of the shooter. Also, having the horizontal bullet impact angle the Crime Scene Analyst, Technician or Investigator could determine the perpendicular horizontal distance(s) from the muzzle of the gun to the surface with the bullet hole(s) and or indentation(s). A trajectory or shooting reconstruction could be accomplished by the utilization of one or more of the following methods. The emphasis of this workbook would be on the reconstruction of crime scene shooting incidents utilizing these methods: Strings and dowels rods Scaled drawings Calculations using the trigonometric ratios Computers programs The workbook would also provide the Crime Scene Analyst, Technician or Investigator with an opportunity to reconstruct and review fifteen real cases. More emphasis was placed on solution of these cases (which are located in the back of the book) by calculations using the trigonometric ratios and the Pythagorean Theorem since this method could be utilized to verify the accuracy of the other methods. Potentially, very valuable investigative information could be developed through a trajectory or shooting reconstruction of the crime scene that would assist the Analyst, Technician or Investigator when interviewing a subject to determine if he or she is truthful in the sequence of events or the manner in which the incident took place. Specific information may be logically inferred if the Crime Scene Analyst, Technician or Investigator is knowledgeable about trajectory or shooting reconstruction.
Practical Analysis and Reconstruction of Shooting Incidents, Second Edition presents a holistic approach to shooting incident analysis and reconstruction, covering the entire spectrum of related sub-disciplines of forensic science. The book reviews basic firearm design and function, ammunition components, and terminology, explaining what constitute
Shooting Incident Reconstruction, Third Edition, offers a thorough explanation of matters from simple to complex to help the reader understand the factors surrounding ballistics, trajectory, and shooting scenes. Forensic scientists, law enforcement, and crime scene investigators are often tasked with reconstruction of events based on crime scene evidence, along with the subsequent analysis of that evidence. The use and misuse of firearms to perpetrate crimes from theft to murder necessitates numerous invitations to reconstruct shooting incidents. The discharge of firearms and the behavior of projectiles create many forms of physical evidence that, through proper testing and interpretation by a skilled forensic scientist, can establish what did and what did not occur. Written by the world's most well-respected shooting scene and ballistics experts, the book addresses the terminology, science, and factors involved in reconstructing shooting incident events to solve forensic cases. It covers the full range of related topics including: the range from which a firearm was discharged; the sequence of shots in a multiple discharge shooting incident; the position of a firearm at the moment of discharge; and the position of a victim at the moment of impact. The probable flight path of a projectile and the manner in which a firearm was discharged are also discussed. Case studies illustrate real-world application of technical concepts, supported by over 200 full-color diagrams and photographs. This book will be of value to practicing forensic scientists (firearm and toolmark examiners), ballistics experts, crime scene personnel, police departments, forensic consultants (generalists), attorneys and judges, medical examiners (coroners), and forensic pathologists. - New chapters on special reconstructive properties and value of shootings involving sub-machine guns or pseudo automatic firearms, rate of fire with special attention on shot-to-shot time intervals, human factors in shooting incidents - Updated and revised glossary terms to fit with new technology and the emergence of standardization of terms by groups such as the Organization of Scientific Advisory Committees - Provides clear practice standards and ethical guidelines for those involved in reconstructing shooting scenes
"Forensic Medicine: A Formula Handbook" is a comprehensive guide that distills the complexities of forensic medicine into a concise and accessible format. This handbook serves as an indispensable resource for forensic professionals, medical students, and anyone intrigued by the intersection of medicine and law. Covering key topics such as autopsy procedures, toxicology, and forensic pathology, the book employs a formulaic approach to deliver crucial information swiftly. With clear explanations, practical insights, and a focus on essential formulas and methodologies, this handbook is an invaluable tool for those seeking a quick reference in the intricate field of forensic medicine.
Philosophers of science have long used reconstructive reasoning to develop historical explanations covering the origins of natural phenomenon. The application of the scientific method is a powerful tool for solving crimes through reconstruction of the events. Scientific Foundations of Crime Scene Reconstruction: Introducing Method to Mayhem demonstrates how to use the scientific method and exercise the critical thinking that is essential for the development of sound data and the construction of reliable explanations. Provides a clear yet rigorous account of the scientific method accessible to non-philosophers Supplies examples showing the application of scientific methods to the reconstruction of events that leave physical evidence at crime scenes Presents self-contained chapters—each with specific points about how a scene reconstruction is built upon the analysis of specific physical evidence Discusses the scope and limitations of physical evidence and the resulting analyses that they support in crafting scientific crime scene reconstructions Includes case studies of crime scene reconstructions from Dr. Nordby’s experience, complete with color photographs and laboratory notes Moving systematically from case to case, this volume is an essential reference for forensic and law enforcement professionals who need to step into new or unfamiliar areas to understand how science can help them do their jobs. It enables forensic scientists to apply the natural sciences to casework in shooting and nonshooting cases. It also educates attorneys who need to understand scientific evidence and the process of crime scene reconstruction from the scientific point of view.
Shooting Incident Reconstruction, Second Edition, offers a thorough explanation of matters from simple to complex to help the reader understand the factors surrounding ballistics, trajectory, and shooting scenes. Forensic scientists, law enforcement, and crime scene investigators are often tasked with reconstruction of events based on crime scene evidence, along with the subsequent analysis of that evidence. The use and misuse of firearms to perpetrate crimes from theft to murder necessitates numerous invitations to reconstruct shooting incidents. The discharge of firearms and the behavior of projectiles create many forms of physical evidence that, through proper testing and interpretation by a skilled forensic scientist, can establish what did and what did not occur. Written by the world's most well-respected shooting scene and ballistics experts, the book addresses the terminology, science, and factors involved in reconstructing shooting incident events to solve forensic cases. It covers the full range of related topics including: the range from which a firearm was discharged; the sequence of shots in a multiple discharge shooting incident; the position of a firearm at the moment of discharge; and the position of a victim at the moment of impact. The probable flight path of a projectile and the manner in which a firearm was discharged are also discussed. Case studies illustrate real-world application of technical concepts, supported by over 200 full-color diagrams and photographs. This book will be of value to practicing forensic scientists (firearm and toolmark examiners), ballistics experts, crime scene personnel, police departments, forensic consultants (generalists), attorneys and judges, medical examiners (coroners), and forensic pathologists. - Written by the most well-respected shooting scene and ballistics experts in the world - Contains over 200 full-color diagrams and photographs that support and illustrate key concepts - Case studies illustrate real-world application of technical concepts
"If you are a Professional Crime Scene Investigator, then this book is a must have for both your personal forensic reference library, as well as your office reference library."Edward W. Wallace Jr., Certified Senior Crime Scene Analyst, Retired First Grade Detective, NYPD"Techniques of Crime Scene Investigation is a well-written, comprehensive gu
Even a seemingly trivial mistake in how physical evidence is collected and handled can jeopardise an entire criminal case. The authors present this guide to crime scene procedures, a practical handbook designed for all involved in such work.
"A Handbook of Forensic Medicine" is an accessible guide tailored for absolute beginners, offering a comprehensive introduction to the intriguing world of forensic science. Written with clarity and precision, this handbook covers fundamental principles, methodologies, and techniques essential for understanding forensic medicine. From the basics of external and internal examinations to the intricate processes of postmortem changes and toxicological analysis, each concept is explained in a clear, concise manner, making complex topics easily digestible for readers new to the field. With practical insights, illustrative examples, and case studies, this book serves as an indispensable resource for anyone seeking to embark on a journey into the fascinating domain of forensic medicine.