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Public participation -- Learning -- Participatory irrigation management -- Water user organization.
Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in Nepal was implemented in 1990s with the objective of transferring the irrigation management to the grass root level. It is clear that the management has been transferred to the community, but it is not clear as to how the objectives of PIM are being met. The study takes place in the two communities in Chitwan, Nepal: Chainpur and Pithuwa.Although the idea and the objectives of the PIM seemed very attractive, it is questionable as to how participation is taking place at different levels in the two communities. Taking into account the definition of participation and empowerment, the study shows that with the different cultural background and social difference, the farmers at different levels in the communities are not empowered and have no full pariticipation in the decision making of the management of the irrigation systems. On top of that, the study also shows the influence of the political structure of the country which is embedded in the two communities affecting the participation and empowerment of the farmers at different levels.
"Water is a vital element for agricultural production and for economic development in general. However, the spatial and temporal distribution of water in Mexico restrains its use. Because of this distribution, it has been necessary to build a large infrastructure to capture, store, and allot this element among water users." Around the world, countries that once promoted more government involvement in irrigation management are adopting new policies that do just the opposite, creating incentives for farmers to take over the management of operations and maintenance, while government agencies focus on improving the management of water at the main system level. Is this just another management fad; or will the pendulum that is now swinging toward greater management control by farmers soon swing back the other way, toward greater state control? This volume reports on four countries where the state's role in irrigation management has undergone fundamental change and where the result has been a much greater management role for farmers. These studies address the political antecedents of participatory irrigation management (PIM) policies, the process of implementing the policies, and the second-generation challenges of sustaining PIM. These experiences will prove useful to policymakers and irrigation professionals who are facing similar challenges in their own countries.
Citizens do not feel empowered and do not feel they are adequately given the space to meaningfully participate in public governance. Clearly, citizens are not satisfied with the manner in which government is run. This is evident across the developed and developing world, as highlighted also by recent manifestation of discontent in Europe, North America, North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. While past government reforms have tendentially focused on performance, efficiency, and productivity, recent developments in public governance have recognized the central role of individuals as 'citizens' rather than 'customers' in both the development and implementation of public policies. Although government remains indispensable to governance, citizen can and should play an active role towards solutions to recurring problems as well as emerging and future issues. A key way to ensure that governments truly reflect the will of the people, particularly the marginalized and the weaker groups of society, is by creating an environment where citizens are given democratic space to exercise 'voice', even in between elections. Citizen engagement in decision-making and public service delivery is key to development and to the improvement in the lives of people. The research explicitly selected cases from the largest populated continent in the world, a region where culturally, rights and duties of citizens as well as the power and authority of their political leaders have been significantly influenced by 'Asian values'. In particular, experiences in citizen engagement in India and Thailand have been respectively further influenced by social stratification (castes) and hierarchical proximity to the monarchy (sakdhina). Notwithstanding the extent of democratic values within which the two cases were implemented, both cases are indicative of the potential impact meaningful citizen engagement can have in the lives of ordinary people and carry with them potential for replication.
With reference to South Asia.
In a world fraught with visions of an impending 'water crisis' it is not surprising that the main barrier to achieving the Millennium Goals of Development of water, sanitation and hygiene, for all, is not seen as a lack of willingness to learn from the past, to acknowledge failure and success and respect the diversity of approaches and social actors. this book brings together five in-depth case studies of civil society interventions from different parts of India which have struggled to resolve issues of women's participation, equity and sustainability in community based water management systems. From the water scarce areas of coastal Gujarat where UTTHAN has been promoting decentralized and gender equitable water alternatives to the SEWA campaign on women, water and work, and AKRSP(I)'s attempts to involve women farmers in participatory irrigation management interventions in adivasi dominated South Gujarat, from community lift-irrigation schemes in Jharkhand managed by women's group promoted by PRADAN, to SOPPECOM's efforts in facilitating rights to water and land for women and the landless in Maharashtra, the case studies illustrate that the process of negotiating change of, 'flowing upstream' is indeed messy, complicated and complex. Emerging insights while located in a specific socio-economic, political and cultural context provide a menu of essential but not necessarily sufficient, ingredients towards a strategy for mainstreaming gender and equity rights in water management. Together, the cases raise important questions on the social construction of water policy in India, the gendered structure of facilitating organizations, networking and the role of learning in developing accountable and socially inclusive governance mechanisms for managing our natural resources.
Addressing the concepts behind participatory monitoring and learning (PM&L), such as collaborative review and problem solving through the generation and use of information on a regular basis, this reference focuses on how this system leads to corrective action and improvement within a project, based on shared decision making from a number of stakeholders. Offering field-tested techniques from an initiative that experimented with PM&L within three World Bank–assisted rural development areas, this resource provides facilitators with practical information on how to prepare and apply these tools, as well as how to present the results.
Collection of contributed papers presented at two conferences with reference to India, the National Conference on PIM held at New Delhi in 1997 and another at Hyderabad in 1999.