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In 2015, building on the advances of the Millennium Development Goals, the United Nations adopted Sustainable Development Goals that include an explicit commitment to achieve universal health coverage by 2030. However, enormous gaps remain between what is achievable in human health and where global health stands today, and progress has been both incomplete and unevenly distributed. In order to meet this goal, a deliberate and comprehensive effort is needed to improve the quality of health care services globally. Crossing the Global Quality Chasm: Improving Health Care Worldwide focuses on one particular shortfall in health care affecting global populations: defects in the quality of care. This study reviews the available evidence on the quality of care worldwide and makes recommendations to improve health care quality globally while expanding access to preventive and therapeutic services, with a focus in low-resource areas. Crossing the Global Quality Chasm emphasizes the organization and delivery of safe and effective care at the patient/provider interface. This study explores issues of access to services and commodities, effectiveness, safety, efficiency, and equity. Focusing on front line service delivery that can directly impact health outcomes for individuals and populations, this book will be an essential guide for key stakeholders, governments, donors, health systems, and others involved in health care.
On the concept of communitisation and a first-hand account of its application in Nagaland, India.
A wide-ranging analysis of community involvement in health development (CIH) as a concept, a strategy, and an ongoing experiment in the search for ways to improve health care for the majority of the world's population. Noting that discussions of health-sector reform have given CIH greater prominence, the book aims to provide a resource of ideas and practical methods for all health professionals interested in applying a participatory approach to development work. The book has seven chapters. The first traces the historical evolution of the concept of CIH and discusses its place within the broader areas of development theory and practice. The next three chapters provide detailed case studies of recent experiences with CIH in Bolivia, Nepal, and Senegal. Chapter five, on health development structures, draws on data from nine countries included in a study, which explored the potential of civil society organizations to promote and facilitate CIH. Results of the study confirm the considerable potential of health development structures to bring together both different sectors and different levels of government. Chapter six discusses the need to develop an appropriate methodology of participatory development. Lessons from the case studies are used to identify a set of operational principles for community action for health. The final chapter draws a number of important conclusions concerning ways in which the concept of CIH can move closer to practical reality. Many past failures are attributed to the unrealistic expectation that participatory efforts would make it possible to achieve more with less money.
This book showcases cutting-edge research papers from the 6th International Conference on Research into Design (ICoRD 2017) – the largest in India in this area – written by eminent researchers from across the world on design process, technologies, methods and tools, and their impact on innovation, for supporting design for communities. While design traditionally focused on the development of products for the individual, the emerging consensus on working towards a more sustainable world demands greater attention to designing for and with communities, so as to promote their sustenance and harmony - within each community and across communities. The special features of the book are the insights into the product and system innovation process, and the host of methods and tools from all major areas of design research for the enhancement of the innovation process. The main benefit of the book for researchers in various areas of design and innovation are access to the latest quality research in this area, with the largest collection of research from India. For practitioners and educators, it is exposure to an empirically validated suite of theories, models, methods and tools that can be taught and practiced for design-led innovation. The contents of this volume will be of use to researchers and professionals working in the areas on industrial design, manufacturing, consumer goods, and industrial management.
Sociology is the study of the society and the interaction of the individual to individual, community to community, individual to the community and vice versa. The interplay of this social interaction takes place in the playground of the human settlements. Albert J. Reiss has defined, “sociology is the study of social aggregates and groups in their institutional organization, of institutions and their organization, and of the causes and consequences of changes in institutions and social organization.” Another sociologist, Parson defined sociology, “Sociology is concerned "...With the phenomena of the institutionalization of patterns of value-orientation in the social system, with the conditions of that institutionalization, and of changes in the patterns, with conditions of conformity with and deviance from such patterns, and with motivational processes insofar as these- are involved in all of these.” So, we find that social systems and social institutions play an important role in the society which acts as a cohesive tool to sustain the social structure and society. Human settlement is the complex entity of the physical habitable space wherein the social interaction in the term of economics and social relationship. But we can simply define, human settlement is an organized grouping of human habitation with basic facilities for sustenance of life. An individual is a part of the family and the family is the part of a community which in term is a part of the locality which might be a part of rural or urban centre. Further, Albert J. Reiss stated, “A society is an empirical social system that is territorially organized, whose members are recruited by sexual reproduction within it, and persists beyond the lifespan of any individual member by socializing new members to its institutions. India is a land of diversity and this diversity can be seen in the social structures too. Our society has religious groups and each religious groups are further sub-divided into caste. Caste is an Indian social phenomenon which might not be in existence in other countries. Before moving further, it's necessary to understand the difference between caste and class. Caste is an inherent social structure prevalent in our society which has been further strengthened through the provision of caste based reservation in our society through the government. Whereas class is an acquired differential status of an individual and a larger community who has acquired particular qualification or proficiency in a particular field or acquired economic status in society through individual or collective endeavour. For example, the association of lawyers, association of architects, organization of planners, Institution of engineers etc. The broad based class in terms of the economic status is the low income group, middle income group and high income group. Community is the collective sense of the group of the families which share some common religious, social and economic status. In some society the community can be based on class or caste. For example, community of Brahamins, community of Muslims, community of Christians, etc.
'Improving Maternal Health in India’, an Oxfam–DFID project, was implemented in 420 villages across 6 States from 2012. It sought to improve maternal health status by building the capacity of communities to demand, access and monitor public health services. This document reviews the programme in Jharkhand where the CSO CINI is using an integrated approach to improve nutrition and maternal health.
The National Health Mission (NHM) encompasses its two Sub-Missions, the National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) and the National Urban Health Mission (NUHM). The main programmatic components include Health system strengthening in rural and urban areas, Reproductive- Maternal-Neonatal-Child and Adolescent Health (RMNCH+A) and Communicable and Non- Communicable Diseases. The NHM envisages achievement of universal access to equitable, affordable & quality healthcare services that are accountable and responsive to people’s needs.
In 2000, the Nicaraguan government implemented a conditional cash transfer program designed to improve the nutritional, health, and educational status of poor households, and thereby to reduce short- and long-term poverty. Based on the Mexican government's successful PROGRESA program, Nicaragua's Red de Proteccion Social (RPS) sought to supplement household income, reduce primary school dropout rates, and increase the health care and nutritional status of children under the age of five. This report represents IFPRI's evaluation of phase I of RPS. It shows that the program was effective in low-income areas and particularly effective when addressing health care and education needs. The report offers the first extensive assessment of a Nicaraguan government antipoverty program.