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The three-year Harvard GSD Aecom Project on China aimed at recuperating an idea of the city and pursuing alternative forms of urbanization in response to challenges posed by the developmental city in China. Common Frameworks unites design projects from the Aecom studio with research on cultural, political, and historical aspects of the city.
Since the early 1980s, CAD frameworks have received a great deal of attention, both in the research community and in the commercial arena. It is generally agreed that CAD framework technology promises much: advanced CAD frameworks can turn collections of individual tools into effective and user-friendly design environments. But how can this promise be fulfilled? CAD Frameworks: Principles and Architecture describes the design and construction of CAD frameworks. It presents principles for building integrated design environments and shows how a CAD framework can be based on these principles. It derives the architecture of a CAD framework in a systematic way, using well-defined primitives for representation. This architecture defines how the many different framework sub-topics, ranging from concurrency control to design flow management, relate to each other and come together into an overall system. The origin of this work is the research and development performed in the context of the Nelsis CAD Framework, which has been a working system for well over eight years, gaining functionality while evolving from one release to the next. The principles and concepts presented in this book have been field-tested in the Nelsis CAD Framework. CAD Frameworks: Principles and Architecture is primarily intended for EDA professionals, both in industry and in academia, but is also valuable outside the domain of electronic design. Many of the principles and concepts presented are also applicable to other design-oriented application domains, such as mechanical design or computer-aided software engineering (CASE). It is thus a valuable reference for all those involved in computer-aided design.
This book explores the impact of language frameworks on learning, teaching and assessment, viewed from the perspective of policies, procedures and challenges. It brings together a selection of edited papers, based on presentations given at the 4th International Conference of the Association of Language Testers in Europe (ALTE) held in Kraków, Poland, in July 2011. The selected papers focus on the conference's core themes as follows: the effect of frameworks on teaching, learning and assessment; the value of frameworks for teachers, learners and language policymakers; the contribution of frameworks towards describing particular languages.
In order for school change efforts to succeed, educators must ensure that changes are being implemented at the classroom level. Jane Kise provides a tested framework for working with teachers to change their classroom practices.
The research textbook surveys the field for young HCI researchers who are making their way in the world of research.
"This volume describes 20 years of work at Cambridge English to develop multilingual assessment frameworks and presents useful guidance of good practice. It covers the development of the ALTE Framework and 'Can Do' project, work on the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR) and the linking of the Cambridge English exam levels to it, Asset Languages - a major educational initiative for UK schools, and the European Survey on Language Competences, co-ordinated by Cambridge English for the European Commission. It proposes a model for the validity of assessment within a multilingual framework and, while illustrating the constraints which determined the approach taken to each project, makes clear recommendations on methodological good practice. It also explores and looks forward to the further extension of assessment frameworks to encompass a model for multilingual education. Key features of the volume include: - a clear and comprehensive explanation of several major multilingual projects - combination of theoretical insights and practical advice - discussion of the interpretation and use of the CEFR. Multilingual Frameworks is a rich source of information on key issues in the development and use of multilingual proficiency frameworks. As such, it will be a valuable reference work for academics, education policy-makers and examination board personnel. It is also a useful resource for postgraduate students of language assessment and for practitioners, and any stakeholders seeking to gain a clearer picture of the issues involved with cross-language assessment frameworks"--
Build the skills needed to compete in the highly competitive global business environment! This incisive book is a comprehensive introduction to contemporary multinational strategic leadership and management. A vital guide to business policy, Multinational Strategic Management: An Integrative Entrepreneurial Context-Specific Process combines basic strategic management with a distinctive international business perspective. The result is invaluable as a preparatory overview for novices and as a guidebook for business practitioners. Mixing basic management and leadership perspectives with a study of international business, Multinational Strategic Management takes a comprehensive approach to subjects that traditionally require multiple texts. Designed for use as a textbook for undergraduate and graduate course work, the book fills an educational void in a rapidly growing field. The in-depth text provides you with a thorough understanding of how to lead and manage enterprises that operate within and across national borders. Multinational Strategic Management helps professionals, students, and educators: acquire and enhance skills in entrepreneurial contingency thinking and action integrate those skills to creatively handle specific situations learn more about management processes (and possibly develop new ones) Ideal for use in support of executive training workshops and as a text in advanced university business programs, Multinational Strategic Management introduces you to all levels of integrative decision-making from the entrepreneurial perspective of the leading multinational firms like General Electric and Intel. Perfect for educational use, the book provides more than the standard textbook descriptions and case studies. It will inspire the kind of creative entrepreneurial thought and action needed to compete in today’s highly competitive global environment.
Scales describing language proficiency in a series of levels can provide orientation for educational programmes, criteria for assessment, and reporting to stakeholders. However, in most cases such instruments are produced just by expert opinion. A scale of language proficiency actually implies a descriptive scheme related to theory but usable by practitioners. It also implies a methodology for scaling content to different levels. This book describes the use of both qualitative and quantitative techniques to develop scales for the «Common Reference Levels» in the Common European Framework of Reference for modern languages. Short stand-alone descriptors were (i) developed and classified, (ii) refined and elaborated in workshops, and then (iii) scaled by analyzing the judgments of one hundred teachers on the English language proficiency of the learners in their classes.
The third edition of Parliament and the Law presents a timely and valuable resource covering recent developments. Brexit, the #MeToo movement, and the COVID-19 pandemic all presented Parliament with a series of challenges. This edition includes new chapters on Brexit, legislation and scrutiny, the restoration and renewal of the Palace of Westminster treaty scrutiny, votes of confidence and the Fixed Term Parliament Act, and the financing of Parliament. This is a multi-disciplinary work authored by lawyers, political scientists, parliamentary officials, and practitioners and is supported by the Study of Parliament Group (SPG).
Contains a full account of administrative law in the context of social, political and economic forces shaping the law.