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This study reveals the extent of persistent downward trends in commodity prices on least developed countries (LDCs), small vulnerable states (SVSs) and heavily indebted countries (HIPCs) and proposes a Joint Diversification Scheme exclusively for export diversification schemes in the commoditydependent poor countries. The report also proposes and outlines the establishment of a Joint Diversification Fund, in addition to regular aid flows as a longterm solution.
Commodity-linked finance has expanded rapidly in the 1980s, but it has mainly been confined to entities in industrial countries. Creditworthiness questions, reinforced by debt overhang, handicap the developing countries in their access to this type of financing. To achieve better risk management in the commodity-dependent developing countries, the authors argue that commodity-linked financial measures have important advantages in the external financing of developing countries as compared to the traditional alternatives of foreign-currency-denominated, general obligation borrowing or direct foreign investment. The authors argue that commodity-linked financing allows developing countries that are overexposed to particular risks, relative to those in the world economy, to shift these risks to world capital markets on an ex ante basis. The study concludes by offering a number of strategic solutions involving the World Bank as an integral participant in both monitoring debt reduction and enacting a technical advice program to assist developing countries manage their financial risk.
Recent events have shown that sovereigns, just like banks, can be subject to runs, highlighting the importance of the investor base for their liabilities. This paper proposes a methodology for compiling internationally comparable estimates of investor holdings of sovereign debt. Based on this methodology, it introduces a dataset for 24 major advanced economies that can be used to track US$42 trillion of sovereign debt holdings on a quarterly basis over 2004-11. While recent outflows from euro periphery countries have received wide attention, most sovereign borrowers have continued to increase reliance on foreign investors. This may have helped reduce borrowing costs, but it can imply higher refinancing risks going forward. Meanwhile, advanced economy banks’ exposure to their own government debt has begun to increase across the board after the global financial crisis, strengthening sovereign-bank linkages. In light of these risks, the paper proposes a framework—sovereign funding shock scenarios (FSS)—to conduct forward-looking analysis to assess sovereigns’ vulnerability to sudden investor outflows, which can be used along with standard debt sustainability analyses (DSA). It also introduces two risk indices—investor base risk index (IRI) and foreign investor position index (FIPI)—to assess sovereigns’ vulnerability to shifts in investor behavior.
Get this handy roadmap to making money in the commodities market. Getting Started in Commodities shows you how to successfully invest in the commodities market in futures, stocks, stock indices, and options. The book explains how the commodities market works as well as how investors can identify and track commodity opportunities -- using fundamental factors such as supply and demand and technical analysis tools. Fontanills, a seasoned trader and educator, also explains the basis of money management, teaches you how to find the best broker, and how to read seasonal chart patterns. Finally, he explores how to build a winning system and test and adjust it for success. Helpful appendices of contract specifications and additional readings are also included. George A. Fontanills (Miami, FL) is the President Emeritus of Optionetics, the world leader in options education and is also a retired hedge fund manager. Fontanills has written many books, including Trade Options Online (0-471-35938-6), The Volatility Course (0-471-39816-0), and The Volatility Course Workbook (0-471-39817-9).
Presenting a complete analysis of the issues surrounding commodity prices and development, this study provides a number of recommendations and policy prescriptions to address the unique set of development issues faced by countries reliant on only a handful of commodities for export earnings.
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Filled with a comprehensive collection of information from experts in the commodity investment industry, this detailed guide shows readers how to successfully incorporate commodities into their portfolios. Created with both the professional and individual investor in mind, The Handbook of Commodity Investments covers a wide range of issues, including the risk and return of commodities, diversification benefits, risk management, macroeconomic determinants of commodity investments, and commodity trading advisors. Starting with the basics of commodity investments and moving to more complex topics, such as performance measurement, asset pricing, and value at risk, The Handbook of Commodity Investments is a reliable resource for anyone who needs to understand this dynamic market.
The Code of Federal Regulations is a codification of the general and permanent rules published in the Federal Register by the Executive departments and agencies of the United States Federal Government.
International GAAP 2020 is a comprehensive guide to interpreting and implementing International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), setting IFRS in a relevant business context, and providing insights into how complex practical issues should be resolved in the real world of global financial reporting. This book is an essential tool for anyone applying, auditing, interpreting, regulating, studying, or teaching IFRS. Written by financial reporting professionals from around the world, this guide to reporting under IFRS provides a global perspective, clearly explaining complex technical accounting issues and setting IFRS in a practical context. Numerous worked examples and hundreds of illustrations from the published financial reports of major listed companies from around the world are included. The 2020 edition has been fully revised and updated with information on the latest IFRS changes and current issues.