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"War carries the minds as well as the bodies of men into strange paths, and so creates an unwonted need for self-understanding. At the same time, the power and the leisure for self-understanding are diminished. Men, as well as nations, must choose their part quickly, discern their friends and their enemies, revise all plans, leap to strange tasks at the call of the moment, though all the questions of politics and of metaphysics are involved in the deed. And while the decision reached may reveal the solvency or insolvency of the soul that issues it, the need to bring together the fragments of one's mental life remains, and will remain for long after the war is past. This book is an attempt to help--the soldier first, and also the civilian--in this task of understanding one's own mind, under the special stresses of war. There must be many such attempts, from different angles of experience: one can only contribute from his own angle, that of the student of human nature and of philosophy, aided by certain special opportunities which the author owes to the courtesy of the Foreign Offices of Great Britain and France"--Preface (p. vii).
For the twenty-first century Army to successfully operate in the dispersed and isolated battlefield of the future, soldiers must be highly committed, well trained, and led to successfully transition, without pause, across the full spectrum of operations. The fundamental principle that will make this all possible is creating and maintaining a high state of morale. In spite of the fundamental need for high morale, the U.S. Army's current principles of war do not include the maintenance of morale. Morale has been and always will be an important principle to the overall success of the Army. The twenty-first century Army operating in an uncertain and often unpredictable future security environment magnifies the importance of soldier morale. The importance is so profound that "morale" should be a principle of war. This monograph explains why "morale" should be included in the U.S. Army's current principles of war. An analysis of the evolution of the principles of war, along with an in-depth historical analysis of three classical theorists, Clausewitz, Fuller and Marshall, establish morale as a viable candidate to be a U.S. Army principle of war. Subsequently, four additional reasons are offered that magnify the importance of morale to the Army, now, and in the future. The four areas explored are the increasing lethality and dispersion on the battlefield, force projection, cultural shift in the Army, and physical versus human dimension. This monograph concludes that the inclusion of "morale' into the principles of war is both historically warranted and relevant based on current trends. Additionally, both practical and doctrinal applications are suggested that would be necessitated by the inclusion of morale as a principle of war.
This monograph seeks to determine how operational level commanders establish the tone of the command and how they exercise their will through all elements of the command. To establish a context for answering this question, an overview of the strategic environment is conducted. This overview reveals that the United States, when executing the strategy of engagement and enlargement with a shrinking force structure, will rely on the response of all uniformed services and the participation of its allies to meet strategic goals. A review of major actions also demonstrates that the United States historically operates in concert with its allies when conducting operations. The strategic environment is such that U.S. forces will likely operate as a joint team, with multiple services represented in the field and on the commander's staff. Combined operations will be the norm, increasing the complexity of command and control. The next section of the monograph presents such doctrine that exists for senior level commanders. The Army is the only service that has a written doctrine aimed at senior leaders. Other Services have no separate written doctrine for leaders at high levels but are thinking and writing professionally about the unique characteristics of command at the operational level. Using Army doctrine as a framework, the monograph next considers two case studies to see what enabled two senior level commanders to exert their will through multiple layers of command to the individual soldier and to see how the command came to reflect the person of the commander.
This review and critical analysis of attempts at morale measurement presents the first phase of an investigation aimed at developing an effective means for measuring morale among Air Force personnel. The uses of morale measures as predictors and as criteria are noted, and the implications of each usage for measurement are discussed. The problem of scale dimensionality is analyzed, and studies are cited demonstrating the confusion resulting from erroneous assumptions of unidimensionality. An analysis of low intercorrelations among diverse morale relevance emphasizes notions of dimensional relevance and concept relevance. A review of definitions of morale points out such problems as the equating of job satisfaction and morale, individual and group references, and definitions for which no measurement operations presently exist. The collection of methodologies and conceptualizations which, in effect, constitute the body of morale theory, is reviewed with particular attention to conclusions drawn from factor analysis. These results give a basis for a more exact and complete analysis of the dimensions of Air Force morale.