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The motivation for the research that is described in these volumes is the wish to explain things in terms of their underlying causes, rather than merely being satisfied with phenomenological descriptions. When this reductionist approach is applied to information processing it allows the internal structure of information to be analysed, so information processing algorithms can then be derived from first principles. One of the simplest examples of this approach is the diagonalisation of a data covariance matrix – there are many variants of this basic approach, such as singular value decomposition – in which the assumed independent components of high-dimensional data are identified and extracted. The main limitation of this type of information analysis approach is that it is based on linear algebra applied globally to the data space, so it is unable to preserve information about any local data structure in the data space. For instance, if the data lives on a low-dimensional curved manifold embedded in the data space, then only the global properties of this manifold would be preserved by global linear algebra methods. In practice, data whose high-dimensional structure is non-trivial typically lives on a noisy version of a curved manifold, so techniques for analysing such data must automatically handle this type of structure. For instance, a blurred image of a point source is described by its underlying degrees of freedom – i.e. the position of the source – and as the source moves about it generates a curved manifold that lives in the high-dimensional space of pixel values of the sampled image. The basic problem is then to deduce the internal properties of this manifold by analysing examples of such images. A more challenging problem would be to extend this analysis to images that contain several overlapping blurred images of point sources, and so on. There is no limit to the complexity of the types of high-dimensional data that one might want to analyse. These methods then need to be automated so that they do not rely on human intervention, which would then allow them to be inserted as “components” into information processing networks. The purpose of the research that is described in these volumes is to develop principled information processing methods that can be used for such analysis. Self-organising information processing networks arise naturally in this context, in which ways of cutting up the original manifold into simpler pieces emerge automatically.
Among the most influential political and social forces of the twentieth century, modern communism rests firmly on philosophical, political, and economic underpinnings developed by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, later known as Lenin. For anyone who seeks to understand the twentieth century, capitalism, the Russian Revolution, and the role of Communism in the tumultuous political and social movements that have shaped the modern world, the works of Lenin offer unparalleled insight and understanding. Taken together, they represent a balanced cross-section of his revolutionary theories of history, politics, and economics; his tactics for securing and retaining power; and his vision of a new social and economic order. This first volume contains four works ("New Economic Developments in Peasant Life," "On the So-Called Market Question," "What the 'Friends of the People' Are and How They Fight the Social- Democrats," "The Economic Content of Narodism and the Criticism of It in Mr. Struve's Book") written by Lenin in 1893-1894, at the outset of his revolutionary activity, during the first years of the struggle to establish a workers' revolutionary party in Russia.
Among the founding fathers of modern quantum physics few have contributed to our basic understanding of its concepts as much as E.P. Wigner. His articles on the epistemology of quantum mechanics and the measurement problem, and the basic role of symmetries were of fundamental importance for all subsequent work. He was also the first to discuss the concept of consciousness from the point of view of modern physics. G.G. Emch edited most of those papers and wrote a very helpful introduction into Wigner's contributions to Natural Philosophy. The book should be a gem for all those interested in the history and philosophy of science.
This newly translated volume of the Collected Works of Marie-Louise von Franz, one of the most renowned authorities on fairytales, presents a systematic and wide-ranging approach. Von Franz amplifies a variety of fairytale motifs to show that the magical realm is alien to the profane and mundane realm of ordinary daily life. She was one of Analytical Psychology’s most original thinkers and here she presents a lucid, concise exploration of the archetypal symbols found in fairytales. Fairytales, like myths, provide a cultural and societal backdrop that helps the human imagination narrate the meaning of life’s events. The remarkable similarities in fairytale motifs across different lands and cultures inspired many scholars to search for the original homeland of fairytales. While peregrinations of fairytale motifs occur, the common root of fairytales is more archetypal than geographic. A striking feature of fairytales is that a sense of space, time, and causality is absent. This situates them in a magical realm, a land of the soul, where the most interesting things happen in the center of places like Heaven, mountains, lakes, and wells. At the age of eighteen, Marie-Louise von Franz was invited to meet Carl Gustav Jung at Bolingen Tower. She immediately recognized that there exist two levels of reality, one outer and the other inner. Within months she had enrolled at the University of Zürich and began attending Jung’s lectures at the E.T.H. (Eidgenösiche Technische Hochshule or the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology). Less than a decade after meeting Jung, von Franz had completed her doctorate in classical philology and begun seeing her first analysands. She was a prolific writer, a dedicated teacher and lecturer, and was possessed of a “far-reaching and often non discriminating Eros that accepted everyone seeking help.” (Alfred Ribi, MD in Fountain of the Love of Wisdom, Chiron, 2006)
Vol. 2 translated and with an introduction by Jane E. Knox and Carol B. Stevens.
The authoritative edition of early psychiatric studies by Jung, which foreshadow much of his later work Psychiatric Studies gathers writings on descriptive and experimental psychiatry that Jung published between 1902 and 1905, early in his career as a psychiatrist. The book opens with a study that foreshadows much of his later work and is indispensable to all serious students of his psychiatric career. This is his medical-degree dissertation, “On the Psychology and Pathology of So-called Occult Phenomena,” a detailed analysis of the case of an adolescent girl who professed to be a medium. This volume also includes papers on cryptomnesia, hysterical parapraxes in reading, manic mood disorder, simulated insanity, and other subjects.
At the turn of the last century C.G. Jung began his career as a psychiatrist. During the next decade, three men whose names are famous in the annals of medical psychology influenced his professional development: Pierre Janet, under whom he studied at the Sappetriere Hospital in Paris; Eugen Bleuler, his chief at the Burgholzli Mental Hospital in Zurick; and Sigmund Frued, whom Jung met in 1907. It is Bleuler, and to a lesser extent Janet, whose influence is to be found in the descriptive experimental psychiatry composing Volume I of the Collected Works. These papers appeared between 1902 and 1905l most of them are now being published in English for the first time. The volume opens with Jung's dissertation for the medical degree: 'On the Psychology and Pathology of So-Called Occult Phenomena', a study that foreshadows much of his later work, and as such is indispensable to all serious students of his work. It is the detailed analysis of the case of an hysterical adolescent girl who professed to be a medium. The volume also includes papers on cryptomnesia, hysterical parapraxes in reading, manic mood disorder, simulated insanity, and other subjects.
Re-launch of the Collected Works of the legendary revolutionary in paperback Among the most influential political and social forces of the twentieth century, modern communism rests firmly on philosophical, political, and economic underpinnings developed by Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, later known as Lenin. For anyone who seeks to understand the twentieth century, capitalism, the Russian Revolution, and the role of Communism in the tumultuous political and social movements that have shaped the modern world, the works of Lenin offer unparalleled insight and understanding. Taken together, they represent a balanced cross-section of his revolutionary theories of history, politics, and economics; his tactics for securing and retaining power; and his vision of a new social and economic order. This first volume contains four works (“New Economic Developments in Peasant Life,” “On the So-Called Market Question,” “What the ‘Friends of the People’ Are and How They Fight the Social-Democrats,” “The Economic Content of Narodism and the Criticism of It in Mr. Struve’s Book”) written by Lenin in 1893–1894, at the outset of his revolutionary activity, during the first years of the struggle to establish a workers’ revolutionary party in Russia.
This important new book is the first of a series of volumes collecting the essential articles by the eminent and highly influential philosopher Saul A. Kripke. It presents a mixture of published and unpublished articles from various stages of Kripke's storied career. Included here are seminal and much discussed pieces such as "Identity and Necessity", "Outline of a Theory of Truth", "Speaker's Reference and Semantic Reference", and "A Puzzle About Belief." More recent published articles include "Russell's Notion of Scope" and "Frege's Theory of Sense and Reference" among others. Several articles are published here for the first time, including both older works ("Two Paradoxes of Knowledge", "Vacuous Names and Fictional Entities", "Nozick on Knowledge") as well as newer ("The First Person" and "Unrestricted Exportation"). "A Puzzle on Time and Thought" was written expressly for this volume. Publication of this volume -- which ranges over epistemology, linguistics, pragmatics, philosophy of language, history of analytic philosophy, theory of truth, and metaphysics -- represents a major event in contemporary analytic philosophy. It will be of great interest to the many who are interested in the work of one its greatest living figures.