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This text offers an overview of the effects of genetic, prenatal, and perinatal brain disorders on cognitive development and learning in children. Summarizing the available data as well as presenting previously unpublished research, the book aims to provide clinicians with practical information that will aid their diagnostic and therapeutic work with children who have sustained early brain injury. The chapters of the book address early neurologic development and pathology; genetic and congenital disorders that affect cognition; the influences on cognition of toxicants, infections and premature birth; the results of a follow-up study of prematurely born children; and the development of language and visuospatial abilities and learning disabilities after early brain injury. Throughout, the authors present the published literature within a critical framework that aims to allow readers to assess the methodology and draw their own conclusions. The book should interest research and clinical neuropsychologists, cognitive psychologists, psychiatrists and other neuroscientists.
The advent of modern neurobiological methods over the last three decades has provided overwhelming evidence that it is the interaction of genetic factors and the experience of the individual that guides and supports brain development. Brains do not develop normally in the absence of critical genetic signaling, and they do not develop normally in the absence of essential environmental input. The key to understanding the origins and emergence of both the brain and behavior lies in understanding how inherited and environmental factors are engaged in the dynamic and interactive processes that define and direct development of the neurobehavioral system. Neural Plasticity and Cognitive Development focuses on children who suffered focal brain insult (typically stroke) in the pre- or perinatal period which provides a model for exploring the dynamic nature of early brain and cognitive development. In most, though not all, of the cases considered, the injuries affect substantial portions of one cerebral hemisphere, resulting in patterns of neural damage that would compromise cognitive ability in adults. However, longitudinal behavioral studies of this population of children have revealed only mild cognitive deficits, and preliminary data from functional brain imaging studies suggest that alternative patterns of functional organization emerge in the wake of early injury. Neural Plasticity and Cognitive Development posits that the capacity for adaptation is not the result of early insult. Rather, it reflects normal developmental processes which are both dynamic and adaptive operating against a backdrop of serious perturbation of the neural substrate.
Early Brain Damage, Volume 1: Research Orientations and Clinical Observations, is the first of two volumes that provide a comprehensive overview of the many facets of research on the topic of brain damage sustained early in life. The present volume features a collection of chapters oriented toward early brain damage in human clinical populations. It is organized into four parts. Part I presents research strategies and theoretical issues, such as intermodal compensation and evolutionary considerations, relating to early brain-damage phenomena. Part II presents research on animal models of infant neuropathological conditions such as hypoxia, fetal radiation, locomotor hyperactivity, and attentional disorders. Part III is concerned with short-term and long-term neurological effects of brain damage in children, including chapters on perinatal asphyxia, behavioral consequences of cerebral insult sustained during infancy, and correlates of early generalized brain dysfunction in children. Part IV presents chapters on cerebral lateralization and higher-order functions as they are altered by early brain damage. This book was written for researchers and professionals interested in the topic of brain damage, and especially those interested in the developmental brain-damage issues emanating from laboratory animal studies and human case reports.
The costs associated with a drug's clinical trials are so significant that it has become necessary to validate both its safety and efficacy in animal models prior to the continued study of the drug in humans. Featuring contributions from distinguished researchers in the field of cognitive therapy research, Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment examines some of the most popular and successful animal archetypes used in the context of drug discovery. It provides integrated coverage of the latest research concerning neuronal systems relevant to cognitive function and dysfunction, assimilating reviews of this research within the context of each chapter. This approach is unique in that it brings together molecular and neurochemical methodologies, behavioral applications in translational models, and clinical applications. The book comprehensively discusses a wide variety of animal models of cognitive impairment, including genetic, lesion, pharmacological, and aging related impairments. It also explores the significance of this research in regards to the treatment of various addictions and disorders such as stroke, autism, Alzheimer's, schizophrenia, and ADHD. Edited by two renowned authorities in the field, Animal Models of Cognitive Impairment is a timely book that provides integrated coverage of cutting-edge research that concerns neuronal systems relevant to cognitive function and dysfunction.
In the past decade, few subjects at the intersection of medicine and sports have generated as much public interest as sports-related concussions - especially among youth. Despite growing awareness of sports-related concussions and campaigns to educate athletes, coaches, physicians, and parents of young athletes about concussion recognition and management, confusion and controversy persist in many areas. Currently, diagnosis is based primarily on the symptoms reported by the individual rather than on objective diagnostic markers, and there is little empirical evidence for the optimal degree and duration of physical rest needed to promote recovery or the best timing and approach for returning to full physical activity. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth: Improving the Science, Changing the Culture reviews the science of sports-related concussions in youth from elementary school through young adulthood, as well as in military personnel and their dependents. This report recommends actions that can be taken by a range of audiences - including research funding agencies, legislatures, state and school superintendents and athletic directors, military organizations, and equipment manufacturers, as well as youth who participate in sports and their parents - to improve what is known about concussions and to reduce their occurrence. Sports-Related Concussions in Youth finds that while some studies provide useful information, much remains unknown about the extent of concussions in youth; how to diagnose, manage, and prevent concussions; and the short- and long-term consequences of concussions as well as repetitive head impacts that do not result in concussion symptoms. The culture of sports negatively influences athletes' self-reporting of concussion symptoms and their adherence to return-to-play guidance. Athletes, their teammates, and, in some cases, coaches and parents may not fully appreciate the health threats posed by concussions. Similarly, military recruits are immersed in a culture that includes devotion to duty and service before self, and the critical nature of concussions may often go unheeded. According to Sports-Related Concussions in Youth, if the youth sports community can adopt the belief that concussions are serious injuries and emphasize care for players with concussions until they are fully recovered, then the culture in which these athletes perform and compete will become much safer. Improving understanding of the extent, causes, effects, and prevention of sports-related concussions is vitally important for the health and well-being of youth athletes. The findings and recommendations in this report set a direction for research to reach this goal.
How we raise young children is one of today's most highly personalized and sharply politicized issues, in part because each of us can claim some level of "expertise." The debate has intensified as discoveries about our development-in the womb and in the first months and years-have reached the popular media. How can we use our burgeoning knowledge to assure the well-being of all young children, for their own sake as well as for the sake of our nation? Drawing from new findings, this book presents important conclusions about nature-versus-nurture, the impact of being born into a working family, the effect of politics on programs for children, the costs and benefits of intervention, and other issues. The committee issues a series of challenges to decision makers regarding the quality of child care, issues of racial and ethnic diversity, the integration of children's cognitive and emotional development, and more. Authoritative yet accessible, From Neurons to Neighborhoods presents the evidence about "brain wiring" and how kids learn to speak, think, and regulate their behavior. It examines the effect of the climate-family, child care, community-within which the child grows.
Unilateral neglect is a fairly common disorder, usually associated with a stroke, which results in a neglect or lack of attention to one side of space usually, but not exclusively, the left. Theoretically, it is one of the most interesting and important areas in neuropsychology; practically, it is one of the greatest therapeutic problems facing therapists and rehabilitationists. This book covers all aspects of the disorder, from an historical survey of research to date, through the nature and anatomical bases of neglect, and on to review contemporary theories on the subject. The final section covers behavioural and physical remediation. A greater understanding of unilateral neglect will have important implications not just for this particular disorder but for the understanding of brain function as a whole.
First Published in 1989. Routledge is an imprint of Taylor & Francis, an informa company.
Objective: The prevalence of mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) in preschoolers (0-5 years) is high and its effects are understudied. Childhood is an important time for brain and functional development and acquiring a brain insult during this period could be detrimental. Studies conducted to date indicate that early TBI may have adverse cognitive, behavioral and social consequences. One study by our group found that preschool children with mTBI had poorer performance on theory of mind (ToM) tasks 6-months post-injury compared to children with orthopedic injuries (OI) and to typically developing children (TDC), suggesting a brain-injury-specific effect. These differences were found to persist up to 18 months post-injury and to correlate with social competence. The objectives of the current analyses were to establish if differences in ToM persist at 30 months post-injury and if reduced ToM is associated with changes in global social competence.Methods: Children with mTBI and OI between 18 and 60 months of age were recruited at the emergency department of a tertiary care pediatric hospital and were followed-up at 6-, 18- and 30-months post-injury. 64 children (mean (M) age= 69.6, SD= 11.2 months, 26 boys) with mTBI participated in the 30-month follow-up and their performance was compared to 38 children with OI (M age=65.4, SD=11.7 months, 15 boys) and 56 children (M age=68.3, SD=11.7 months, 29 boys) recruited from the community (TDC). At 30 months post-injury they completed a battery of cognitive and social tasks including measures of ToM: False Belief Stories and Content to Self and to Others. Their parents completed the Social subscale of the Adaptive Behavior Assessment System (ABAS Social) as an indicator of social competence. Results: The mTBI group did not significantly differ from the OI or TDC groups on any of the ToM tasks: False Belief Stories: F(2,146)= 1,05, p= .35, Content to Self: F(2,140)= 2,12, p=.13; Content to Others: F(2,138)= 0,92, p= .40. Hierarchical regression analysis indicated that sex, SES and age significantly contributed to global social competence at 30 months post-injury (F(1,55) =9.94, p=.0001), but the inclusion of ToM abilities did not explain any additional variance in social competence at 30 months post-injury (F change (1,54)= .11, p=.74). Conclusion: The findings indicate that post-mTBI differences in ToM that were present at 6- and 18-months post-injury resolved at 30 months post-injury. The data suggest that it may take up to 30 months for young children who sustain mTBI to return to typical age-related levels of social cognition, as measured by ToM. Encouragingly, reduced social cognition (ToM) observed in the first year and a half post-injury does not seem to affect social competence in the very long term.