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It has been proposed that individuals who regard body shape and weight as important aspects of the self will display "schematic processing" for body shape- and weight-related information (Markus, 1977; Markus, Hamill, & Sentis, 1987). Based on this theory, it was predicted that dieters, a group highly concerned with body shape and weight, would display memory bias for body shape-related information whereas non-dieters would not. Four studies were conducted to examine memory bias for body shape stimuli, as well as task and situational factors that may influence this process in dieters and non-dieters. Study 1 examined the effect of a milkshake priming manipulation on implicit and explicit memory for body shape stimuli. Both dieters and non-dieters displayed an explicit memory bias for body shape words relative to neutral words and non-dieters displayed poorer implicit memory for body shape words relative to neutral words. The milkshake had no effect on memory. Study 2 investigated the relation between attentional bias and memory bias. Dieters did not display an attentional bias for body shape words on a modified Stroop task, but did display a significant attentional bias for fat words on a word reading task. Both dieters and non-dieters displayed an explicit memory bias for body shape words. Study 3 extended Studies 1 and 2 by examining the effect of the body shape of the experimenter on memory for body shape words, as measured by a more effortful memory task (i.e., free recall). Manipulation of the experimenter's body shape served to prime body shape and weight thoughts. With an average-weight experimenter, dieters displayed a memory bias for body shape words; in contrast, non-dieters did not exhibit any memory bias. With an underweight or overweight experimenter, the non-dieters resembled the dieters in the average-weight experimenter condition, displaying a memory bias for body shape words. Study 4 investigated an interactional theory of memory bias looking at the influence of an environmental factor (priming by weight and shape questionnaires) and the nature and level of the encoding task on memory for body shape words. Surprisingly, the priming manipulation had no effect on memory. However, both the nature and level of encoding interacted with dieting status to produce memory bias for body shape stimuli. It was concluded that dieters are in a state of chronic activation with respect to body shape and weight thoughts. Dieters consistently displayed a memory bias for body shape stimuli and were not greatly influenced by priming manipulations. In contrast, whether non-dieters will display a memory bias for body shape stimuli is highly dependent on their weight and shape thoughts being activated by a priming event.
Three studies examined the influence of expectancies about rewards from thinness (RFT) on dieting attitudes and behaviours. Study 1 assessed peer influence on RFT expectancies by pairing participants ('N' = 64) with a confederate who spoke about either the benefits or costs of her own weight loss (positive- and negative-expectancy conditions, respectively). Condition had an indirect influence on RFT expectancies, but did not influence dieting behaviour, and restrained eaters had higher RFT expectancy scores compared to unrestrained eaters. Only restraint and concern about shape predicted interest in or likelihood of enrolling in a diet. A more powerful intervention or a more ecologically valid measure of dieting behaviour may be necessary to observe a correspondence between attitude and behaviour change. Study 2 used a more robust manipulation by having undergraduate S's ('N' = 62) participate in an experimenter-led discussion about either the benefits or costs of dieting and write an essay consistent with the group message. Compared to controls, participants in the negative-expectancy condition had lower RFT expectancy scores, fewer and less stringent dieting intentions, made more liberal choices in a food-selection task, and rated photos of thin women as less attractive. Participants in the positive-expectancy condition displayed the opposite pattern. Study 2 also replicated the finding that restrained eaters had higher RFT expectancy scores than did unrestrained eaters. Study 3 tested the generalizability of these findings by testing the negative-expectancy intervention on a population of school-aged girls. Grade-8 participants (' N' = 46) took part in either an experimenter led 'dieting-inoculation program' about the detrimental effects of unhealthy dieting, or a delayed-treatment control group. Results showed that intervention group participants had significantly fewer RFT expectancies, and reported dieting less often at follow up compared to delayed-treatment control participants. The results of these studies suggest that (1) Positive thinness outcome expectancies are important in one's decision to diet; (2) Compared to non-dieters, dieters have elevated RFT expectancies; (3) RFT expectancies are amenable to change through persuasion; and (4) Modifying RFT expectancies can cause shifts in dieting attitudes and behaviours., I investigated the behavioral, cognitive, and affective consequences of positive outcome expectancies for thinness. Seventy-four female undergraduates were randomly assigned to read one of three articles portraying positive, negative, or no lifestyle consequences following weight-loss. Participants completed questionnaires measuring expectancies of rewards for thinness, and were offered enrollment in a lenient, moderate, or strict diet. An ostensibly unrelated study assessed other measures of interest. Results indicated that restrained eaters in the positive condition had more expectancies of rewards for thinness, and selected more stringent diets than did the other groups. Restrained eaters in the negative condition, and unrestrained eaters in the positive condition were significantly more hostile than those in other conditions. Finally, frequent vs. infrequent resolvers were more likely to diet. Findings were consistent with a cognitive dissonance interpretation and support the position that the weight-related cognitions, affect, and behavior of even chronic dieters are vulnerable to change through persuasion.
Eating enough food to meet nutritional needs and maintain good health and good performance in all aspects of lifeâ€"both at home and on the jobâ€"is important for all of us throughout our lives. For military personnel, however, this presents a special challenge. Although soldiers typically have a number of options for eating when stationed on a base, in the field during missions their meals come in the form of operational rations. Unfortunately, military personnel in training and field operations often do not eat their rations in the amounts needed to ensure that they meet their energy and nutrient requirements and consequently lose weight and potentially risk loss of effectiveness both in physical and cognitive performance. This book contains 20 chapters by military and nonmilitary scientists from such fields as food science, food marketing and engineering, nutrition, physiology, psychology, and various medical specialties. Although described within a context of military tasks, the committee's conclusions and recommendations have wide-reaching implications for people who find that job-related stress changes their eating habits.
This handbook provides a comprehensive review of social cognition, ranging from its history and core research areas to its relationships with other fields. The 43 chapters included are written by eminent researchers in the field of social cognition, and are designed to be understandable and informative to readers with a wide range of backgrounds.
Theses on any subject submitted by the academic libraries in the UK and Ireland.