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This collection of essays addresses a number of questions regarding the role of consent in marriage and in sexual relations outside of marriage in ancient and medieval societies. Ranging from ancient Greece and Rome to the Byzantine Empire and Western Medieval Europe, the contributors examine rape, seduction, and the role of consent in establishing the punishment of one or both parties; the issue of marital debt and spousal rape; and the central question of what is perceived as coercion and what may be the validity or value of coerced consent. Other concepts, such as honor and shame, are also investigated. Because of the wide range--in time and place--of societies studied, the reader is able to see many different approaches to the question of consent and coercion as well as a certain evolution, in which Christianity plays an important role.
An important discussion of philosophical issues surrounding consent to sexual relations.
In a comprehensive examination of rape and its prosecution in British America between 1700 and 1820, Sharon Block exposes the dynamics of sexual power on which colonial and early republican Anglo-American society was based. Block analyzes the legal, social, and cultural implications of more than nine hundred documented incidents of sexual coercion and hundreds more extralegal commentaries found in almanacs, newspapers, broadsides, and other print and manuscript sources. Highlighting the gap between reports of coerced sex and incidents that were publicly classified as rape, Block demonstrates that public definitions of rape were based less on what actually happened than on who was involved. She challenges conventional narratives that claim sexual relations between white women and black men became racially charged only in the late nineteenth century. Her analysis extends racial ties to rape back into the colonial period and beyond the boundaries of the southern slave-labor system. Early Americans' treatment of rape, Block argues, both enacted and helped to sustain the social, racial, gender, and political hierarchies of a New World and a new nation.
Gender-based violence has a direct impact on a range of women's reproductive health problems, including adolescent pregnancy, high-risk sexual behavior, sexually transmitted diseases, neonatal and maternal mortality, and chronic pelvic pain. To facilitate integration of these two areas, the Population Council's Ebert Program on Critical Issues in Reproductive Health and the Health and Development Policy Project met together in November 1993. It has been demonstrated that women who have been sexually abused as children are at increased risk of early initiation of intercourse, multiple partners, unprotected sex, prostitution, drug and alcohol abuse, depression, and low self-esteem. Although most societies condemn incest and forced intercourse with an unmarried virgin, coerced sex within marriage or with a sexually experienced woman may be tolerated. The general paucity of research on coerced sex reflects the more general avoidance of issues of gender and power. Seminar participants identified six priority areas for research: sociocultural contexts that shape and support sexual coercion; the integration of questions on sexual violence into ongoing research on AIDS, sexuality, and reproductive health in order to gain prevalence data; the cultural meanings attached to sexual trauma; the physical and psychological consequences of sexual coercion; processes within the criminal justice, legal, media, and medical care systems that perpetuate sexual victimization; and effective interventions.
In addition, he deals with the development of these concepts in Roman and canon law and in the practices of the emerging states of France and England and the Italian city-states, as well as considering works in legal and administrative theory and constitutional documents. In each case his interpretations are placed in the wider contexts of developments in law, church, and administrative reform. The result is the first complete study of these three crucial terms as used in the Middle Ages, as well as an excellent summary of work done in a number of specialized fields over the last twenty-five years. The book is of considerable importance not only to medieval studies but to the history of political theory and to political theory itself. It brings together and explains the relevance of a vast amount of material previously known only to a few specialists, documenting Monahan's argument that later political thought has been significantly influenced by medieval formulations of the concepts of consent, coercion, and limit.
Sexual Coercion in Dating Relationships represents the next generation of research in the area of sexual coercion. This collection of critical analyses of current research and possible directions for future research benefits all researchers, counselors, and educators who need to thoroughly understand research efforts in this field. The clear analyses allow readers to evaluate critical issues and progress in the field to date.Outside of research and feminist communities, sexual coercion is frequently minimized and too often stereotyped. The words “sexual coercion” (synonyms with “sexual aggression” and “sexual assault”) conjure in the minds of many the image of a deranged man attacking a woman stranger in a dark place where she should know better than to be walking alone. This and other stereotypes are challenged by the authors of Sexual Coercion in the Dating Relationship.The chapters examine other important issues that have yet received little research attention. For example, one author tests the empirical assumptions inherent in a prominent theory about the causes of sexual coercion. Some of the authors challenge the assumption that only women are pressured or forced to engage in unwanted or nonconsensual sex. Other authors address issues related to the prevention of sexual coercion of women and challenge current conceptions of women's sexuality. Still others identify methodological problems related to research on sexual coercion, such as current methods of identifying attitudes supportive of the use of sexual coercion. All of the chapters challenge current beliefs related to the issue of sexual coercion and are designed to spur researchers and educators forward into new ground.With the publication of this book, readers are forced to re-think their assumptions on sexual coercion with the new statistics and research on these topics: evaluates of a prominent theory of the causes of sexual coercion (the traditional script) examines men's and women's use of sexual influence in their dating relationships, the types of behavior men and women use to influence their partners to engage in unwanted sex, and the associated consequences for the individuals and the relationship compares men's and women's reactions to sexual coercion presents a model to predict women's resistance and evaluates effective, practical measures of prevention for women evaluates attitudes-toward-rape literature and the predictive ability of assessing attitudes critical reviews of current conceptions of women's sexuality and the need to restructure culturally endorsed attitudes in our prevention efforts reviews methodological problems plaguing many current research investigations and the political ramifications of many investigations in this areaBecause this book presents information related to the prevention and experience of sexual coercion, Sexual Coercion in Dating Relationships is helpful in developing long-term research and preventive programs. This sourcebook also helps researchers, expert witnesses, counselors (especially college support staff), and college and university educators provide information to students and others about sexual coercion.
Can you imagine a world where no one feared a violation of their boundaries? A world where everyone felt safe in their bodies and confident in asking for what they wanted? Teaching consent education is the way to achieve this vision, and this entry level book for educators helps you teach and discuss consent issues to young adults, from 10+.The fun, interactive exercises in this book focus on consent in all interactions, not just sexual ones, and explores skills that help young people to increase their relational intelligence and build positive, reciprocal relationships. Drawing on their combined experiences of over 25 years as consent educators, the authors have seen that more respectful, generous and joyful ways of relating to one another are possible. In this vital book, they challenge common assumptions about consent and coercion, and invite educators of all walks to become instigators of a profound culture shift.
This book presents extensive field research and analysis to evaluate sexual coercion in a range of species—including all of the great apes and humans—and to clarify its role in shaping social relationships among males, among females, and between the sexes.
Psychological and medical perspectives on sadomasochism have historically been concerned with understanding it as a form of psychopathology. In the past (but still often today) studies of S/M have been concerned with extreme and most often non-consensual acts. However, more recently there has been growing interest in exploring the meaning of S/M in non-pathological ways. This book directly addresses this development, presenting some of the most recent cutting edge work on S/M by leading international scholars who all seek to understand rather than pathologise. This includes the latest thinking on theory and practice, academic-community pieces, as well as the presentation of new empirical findings across the range of identities and practices that constitute S/M.
The Nazis never won a majority in free elections, but soon after Hitler took power most people turned away from democracy and backed the Nazi regime. Hitler won growing support even as he established the secret police (Gestapo) and concentration camps. What has been in dispute for over fifty years is what the Germans knew about these camps, and in what ways were they involved in the persecution of 'race enemies', slave workers, and social outsiders.To answer these questions, and to explore the public sides of Nazi persecution, Robert Gellately has consulted an array of primary documents. He argues that the Nazis did not cloak their radical approaches to 'law and order' in utter secrecy, but played them up in the press and loudly proclaimed the superiority of their system over all others. They publicized their views by drawing on popular images, cherished German ideals, and long held phobias, and were able to win over converts to their cause. The author traces the story from 1933, and shows how war and especially the prospect of defeat radicalized Nazism. As the country spiralled toward defeat, Germans for the most part held on stubbornly. For anyone who contemplated surrender or resistance, terror became the order of the day.