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ONE OF THE NEW YORK TIMES BOOK REVIEW'S 10 BEST BOOKS OF THE YEAR A major book about the future of the world, blending intellectual and natural history and field reporting into a powerful account of the mass extinction unfolding before our eyes Over the last half a billion years, there have been five mass extinctions, when the diversity of life on earth suddenly and dramatically contracted. Scientists around the world are currently monitoring the sixth extinction, predicted to be the most devastating extinction event since the asteroid impact that wiped out the dinosaurs. This time around, the cataclysm is us. In The Sixth Extinction, two-time winner of the National Magazine Award and New Yorker writer Elizabeth Kolbert draws on the work of scores of researchers in half a dozen disciplines, accompanying many of them into the field: geologists who study deep ocean cores, botanists who follow the tree line as it climbs up the Andes, marine biologists who dive off the Great Barrier Reef. She introduces us to a dozen species, some already gone, others facing extinction, including the Panamian golden frog, staghorn coral, the great auk, and the Sumatran rhino. Through these stories, Kolbert provides a moving account of the disappearances occurring all around us and traces the evolution of extinction as concept, from its first articulation by Georges Cuvier in revolutionary Paris up through the present day. The sixth extinction is likely to be mankind's most lasting legacy; as Kolbert observes, it compels us to rethink the fundamental question of what it means to be human.
At the current rate of extinction, more than one million species will be forever gone from Earth by the year 2050. Extinction is the greatest danger to biodiversity and to food webs. This book lays out the startling facts regarding the scope of this looming problem, but also provides necessary hope and encouragement—detailing the ways in which scientists, engineers, and climatologists are gathering the knowledge and testing the technologies necessary to slow and eventually reverse climate change, preserve vulnerable habitats, fight invasive species, create “doomsday” seed banks, and even clone endangered species. Readers will be empowered by learning practical, everyday strategies through conservation, volunteerism, political action, and a reduction in the carbon footprint of themselves, their family, and their wider community.
The research paper "Extinction Risk from Climate Change" published in the journal Nature in January 2004 created front-page headlines around the world. The notion that climate change could drive more than a million species to extinction captured both the popular imagination and the attention of policy-makers, and provoked an unprecedented round of scientific critique. Saving a Million Species reconsiders the central question of that paper: How many species may perish as a result of climate change and associated threats? Leaders from a range of disciplines synthesize the literature, refine the original estimates, and elaborate the conservation and policy implications. The book: examines the initial extinction risk estimates of the original paper, subsequent critiques, and the media and policy impact of this unique study presents evidence of extinctions from climate change from different time frames in the past explores extinctions documented in the contemporary record sets forth new risk estimates for future climate change considers the conservation and policy implications of the estimates. Saving a Million Species offers a clear explanation of the science behind the headline-grabbing estimates for conservationists, researchers, teachers, students, and policy-makers. It is a critical resource for helping those working to conserve biodiversity take on the rapidly advancing and evolving global stressor of climate change-the most important issue in conservation biology today, and the one for which we are least prepared.
By looking backward at the course of great extinctions, a paleontologist sees what the future holds. More than 200 million years ago, a cataclysmic event known as the Permian extinction destroyed more than 90 percent of all species and nearly 97 percent of all living things. Its origins have long been a puzzle for paleontologists. During the 1990s and the early part of this century, a great battle was fought between those who thought that death had come from above and those who thought something more complicated was at work. Paleontologist Peter. D. Ward, fresh from helping prove that an asteroid had killed the dinosaurs, turned to the Permian problem, and he has come to a stunning conclusion. In his investigations of the fates of several groups of mollusks during that extinction and others, he discovered that the near-total devastation at the end of the Permian period was caused by rising levels of carbon dioxide leading to climate change. But it's not the heat (nor the humidity) that's directly responsible for the extinctions, and the story of the discovery of what is responsible makes for a fascinating, globe-spanning adventure. In Under a Green Sky, Ward explains how the Permian extinction as well as four others happened, and describes the freakish oceans—belching poisonous gas—and sky—slightly green and always hazy—that would have attended them. Those ancient upheavals demonstrate that the threat of climate change cannot be ignored, lest the world's life today—ourselves included—face the same dire fate that has overwhelmed our planet several times before.
Readhowyouwant 16 point large print. Sea level rise will be an unavoidable part of our future, no matter what we do. Even if we stopped all carbon dioxide emissions today, the seas will rise three feet by 2050 and nine feet by 2100. This- not drought, species extinction, or excessive heat waves - will be the most dramatic effect of global warming.
The author explores the causes of Earth's cyclical temperature changes and shows how those temperature shifts touch off a chain of events in the atmosphere, in the oceans and on land. Cold temperature was the trigger; and the resultant reduction in carbon dioxide, he argues, was the bullet that killed off so many species. The re-warming released more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and fueled a resurgence. This book provides significant long term background information to put global warming into perspective. In addition, the author describes the human responses to increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide after the last ice age and in the last 150 years. Near the end of the last ice age, atmospheric carbon dioxide was about half of what it is today. Due to the lack of carbon dioxide, most of the vegetation disappeared from the middle and high latitudes. Without plants to eat, many large animals became extinct; North America lost three-fourths of its large animals including the woolly mammoth, mastodon and saber tooth cat. Humans, too, had little to eat in these areas and their population declined dramatically. The book then explains how and why atmospheric carbon dioxide increased by about 50% after the last ice age ended, encouraging a population explosion among plants, animals and humans, all of which then migrated into many previously barren areas. More recently, the 28% increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide in the last 150 years has caused a six-fold increase in the human population. Changes in the next 300 years will reverse some of the current trends. This book has value for anyone interested in the ice age extinction; glaciers; the glacial cycle; the atmosphere and oceans and the past and future of plants, animals and humans. It provides long-term information on atmospheric carbon dioxide, global warming and cooling.
In a world that is slowly warming, the lives of plants and animals are at risk. Some, like the polar bear, are in danger of extinction because their Arctic ecosystem is melting. Others, like the golden toad, have already gone extinct. This books cites the Industrial Revolution and human-created greenhouse gases as causing a significant increase in global temperatures, which has adversely affected animals and plants. By understanding the differences between endangered and threatened species and the threats posed to various habitats, readers will form a new appreciation of conservation efforts and may be inspired to become environmental activists themselves.
Understanding the link between mass extinction and extreme global warming is critical to the projections of the consequences of future climate change. The end-Permian mass extinction is the greatest biodiversity loss in the history of animal life, and occurred about 252 million years ago. This event is coeval within error with the eruption of the Siberian Traps, one of the largest continental flood basalt provinces on Earth. Sill intrusion into organic-rich sediments and contact metamorphism in the Tunguska Basin could have released >100,000 Gt CO2, driving carbon cycle perturbation and hence global warming. Many carbon isotopic measurements fromnumerous locations, both in carbonate and organic matter, suggest there is a ~ -3 to -5[per mille symbol] global carbon isotope excursion during the end-Permian extinction event. In this dissertation, I used multi-disciplinary approaches to explore the overarching factors that contribute to the carbon isotope excursions and their sedimentary signature. We evaluated proxy climate data and the existing paleoclimate simulations to assess our current understanding of the link between mass extinction and climate change. Proxies indicate that prior to the end-Permian extinction, tropical sea surface temperatures ranged from ~22 to 25 oC, and possible atmospheric pCO2 values ranged from ~500 to ~4000 ppm. During the peak extinction, tropical temperatures rose up to ~30 oC while pCO2 perhaps increased up to ~8,000 ppm. We found climate models that use different pre-event pCO2 values show similar amount of CO2 doubling to replicate the observed carbon isotope excursion. We note that the expressions of temperature change and carbon isotope excursion during the extinction event show strong heterogeneity globally, thus a spatially resolved model that considers the long-term carbon cycle has advantages over simple box models. An Earth system model of intermediate complexity, cGENIE, was used to extract the pattern of CO2 release needed to replicate the observed carbon isotope excursion across the Permian-Triassic boundary. This isotopic inversion approach is novel in geochemical modeling studies and is a more precise way to match geological records. This analysis leads us to suggest that the source of CO2 must have been significantly 13C-enriched than typical biogenic or thermogenic methane to explain the significant warming that occurred during and after the extinction event. We then further tested the ocean acidification scenario, another consequence of CO2 emission besides global warming during the end-Permian extinction. Sensitivity analyses were carried out with a range of reasonable estimates of the initial ocean saturation state. We find it most likely that the Siberian Traps volcanism released CO2 in two major multimillennial pulses. The modeled rates of C release are dependent on the [delta]13C of the source and the initial saturation state of the ocean. We find that the initial buffering capacity of the ocean was quickly overwhelmed for many of the plausible scenarios for C release. We suggest that global warming and ocean acidification due to the Siberian Traps volcanism might have pitched the end-Permian Earth system over a critical threshold and caused the mass extinction and subsequent long recovery. If the observed global carbon isotope excursion truly is a reflection of the global carbon cycle perturbation, we should see similar features on land. We tested this idea by evaluating organic carbon isotope stratigraphy in terrestrial Permian-Triassic boundary sections in South China. We found that atmospheric [delta]13C signals can dominate other sources of variability, and thus terrestrial [delta]13Corg is a potentially reliable tool for correlation and environmental determination during the end-Permian event. Because there are other sources of variation, however, stratigraphic correlations between marine and terrestrial sequences should only be based on carbon isotope excursions when other independent evidence of the event is available.
Is the sun responsible for global warming? What is the cryosphere and why is it important? How can volcanoes affect climate change? What is a carbon sink and how does it affect climate change? Why are the trees in the Amazon called sweat glands? What role does NASA play in mitigating climate change? How does global warming affect foraging of bees? Know the answers to these, and 43 more frequently asked questions, on global warming, its various aspects, and impacts. Other titles in this series: 50 FAQs on Air Pollution (ISBN: 9788174686514) 50 FAQS on Climate Change (ISBN: 9788179936917) 50 FAQs on Renewable Energy (ISBN: 9788179936900) 50 FAQs on Waste Management (ISBN: 9788179936993) 50 FAQs on Water Pollution (ISBN: 9788179936924) Table of Contents: Weather and climate / Global warming / Greenhouse gases / Cryosphere / Climate change / Source of methane / Volcanoes and climate change / Aviation and global warming / Long-lived GHGs / Paleoclimatology / Carbon sink / Carbon sequestration / Water vapour and global warming / Cement and climate change / Amazon rainforests / Climate change and bushfires / Health hazards and bushfires / Disappearance of islands / NASA and climate change / Global warming and agriculture / Polar bears and climate change / Extinction of fish species / Hurricanes and weather patterns / Climate engineering / Oceans and climate change / Odd-even scheme / Coronavirus and deforestation / Overpopulation and global warming / Plastic pollution / Pyrolysis / Bees and global warming / Climate refugees / Appiko movement / Ocean acidification / Corals and global warming / CO2 emissions / Electric vehicles / AI and climate change / CO2-equivalent / The Montreal Protocol / The Kyoto Protocol / Activist Greta Thunberg / Goldilocks Zone / The Paris Agreement / Sustainable Development Goals / Green Climate Fund / GHG emissions and the Kyoto Protocol / UNFCCC and its objectives / Polluter pays principle / Tackling global warming / Glossary / Test yourself!