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Cluster Ions Edited by Cheuk-Yiu Ng, Ames Laboratory, Iowa State University, lowa, USA Tomas Baer, University of North Carolina, NC, USA Ivan Powis, University of Nottingham, UK As a result of many recent advances in both experimental techniques and theoretical methodologies, increasingly detailed and sophisticated studies concerning the formation, structures, energetics, and reaction dynamics of state- or energy-selected molecular ions can now be performed. In order better to serve the ion chemistry and physics communities, each volume of this series will be dedicated to reviewing a specific topic emphasizing new experimental and theoretical developments in the study of ions. This first volume is devoted to the physics and chemistry of clusters. Measurement of cluster ion properties, made as a function of cluster size, are expected to shed some light on the basic understanding of the transition from gas phase to condensed matter. The interest in cluster research is also motivated by the important roles that clusters play in many practical fields, such as catalysis and microelectronics. The authors of the seven chapters making up this volume are among the most active researchers in their respective areas. This series will help stimulate new research directions and point to future opportunities in the field of ion chemistry.
Smirnov (plasma chemistry, Institute of High Temperatures, Moscow) presents a comprehensive introduction to cluster ions and Van der Waals molecules for graduates and researchers in chemistry. He discusses the current ideas on the operant physics and chemistry, and reports numerical data on the parameters of the entities and processes involving them. First published in Russian in 1983. Annotation copyrighted by Book News, Inc., Portland, OR
Positive ion composition measurements obtained with rocket-borne mass spectrometers in the lower ionosphere are presented. The current situation regarding the water cluster ions in the D region is considered. Evidence is given in favor of an ambient instead of a contamination origin for the water cluster ions, although the exact processes for the formation of these ions in the atmosphere are still not definitely established. A theory is discussed whereby water cluster ions may be created through the ionization of small water conglomerates, which are assumed both to be present in the mesosphere and to have very low ionization thresholds. (Author).
Materials Processing by Cluster Ion Beams: History, Technology, and Applications discusses the contemporary physics, materials science, surface engineering issues, and nanotechnology capabilities of cluster beam processing. Written by the originator of the gas cluster ion beam (GCIB) concept, this book:Offers an overview of ion beam technologies, f
Recent advances in experimental techniques now enable researchers to produce in a laboratory clusters of atoms of desired composition from any of the elements of the periodic table. This has created a new area of research into novel materials since clusters cannot be regarded either as a "large" molecule or as a fragment of the bulk. Both experimental and theoretical studies are revealing unusual properties that are not ob served in solid state environments. The structures of micro-clusters are found to be significantly distorted from the most symmetric arrangement, some even exhibiting pentagonal symmetry commonly found in icosahedric structures. The unusual stability of certain clusters, now described as "magic number species", shows striking similarities with the nuclear shell structure. The relative stabilities of clusters depend not only on the composition of the clusters but also on their charged states. The studies on spontaneous fragmentation of mUltiply charged clusters, commonly referred to as Coulomb explosion, illustrate the role of electronic bonding mechanisms on stability of clusters. The effect of foreign atoms on geometry and stability of clusters and the interaction of gas atoms with clusters are showing promise for an indepth understanding of chemisorption and catalysis. The magnetic and optical properties are dependent not only on cluster size but also on its geometry. These findings have the potential for aiding industry in the area of micro-electronics and catalysis.
This volume presents the proceedings of a 1986 Advanced Study Institute entitled "Structure/Reactivity and Thermochemistry of Ions", held at Les Arcs, France, June 30 to July 11, 1986. The format of a NATO Institute is ideally suited to in-depth communications between scien tists of diverse backgrounds. Particularly in the field of ion physics and chemistry, where on-going research involves physicists, physical chemists, and organic chemists - who use a variety of experimental and theoretical techniques - it is found that in the relaxed but stimula ting atmosphere of a NATO ASI, each professional group provides unique insights, leading to a better definition and solution of problems relating to the properties of gas phase ions. This book presents chapters based on the lectures presented at the Les Arcs ASI. The participants took the initiative to organize a number of specialized workshops - informal discussion groups which considered questions or problem areas of particular interest. The accounts of these sessions, which are also included in this book, make stimulating reading, and include considerable useful information. This Advanced Study Institute is the fourth in a series of NATO-spon sored institutes devoted to the chemistry and physics of ions in the gas phase. The first, in 1974, in Biarritz, France, focussed on "Interactions between Ions and Molecules".
The workshop on "The structure of small molecules and ions" was held at the Neve-Han guest house, near Jerusalem, Israel on December 13 to 18 in mem ory of the late Professor Itzhak Plesser. Professor Plesser played a central role in the research done both at the Weizmann Institute and at Argonne National Laboratories on the "Coulomb explosion" method. His friends honored his memory by organizing a meeting in which subjects related to Plesser's interests would be discussed. Just a week be fore the conference started we were struck by another tragedy -the death of our graduate student Ms. Hana Kovner, who participated in many of the Coulomb explosion experiments at the Weizmann Institute. We would like to dedicate these proceedings to her memory as well. The goal of the workshop was to bring together chemists and physicists working on different aspects of the structural problems of small molecular en tities. The time seemed appropriate for discussing experimental and theoretical concepts, since in recent years new methods have been introduced, and a large amount of information has been accumulated on systems not studied before, like unstable molecules, ions, van der Waals molecules and clusters. The program of the workshop reflects, we believe, these new developments. The meeting was characterized by intensive discussions in which the weak nesses and strengths of new and of well established concepts were revealed. We hope that it measured up to the high standards Itzhak Plesser maintained all through his scientific life.
In previous volumes in this series, Advances in Metal and Semiconductor Clusters, the focus has been on atomic clusters of metals, semiconductors and carbon. Fundamental gas phase studies have been surveyed, and most recently scientists have explored new materials which can be produced from clusters or cluster precursors. In this latest volume, the focus shifts to clusters composed primarily of non-metal molecules or atoms which have one or more metal atoms seeded into the cluster as an impurity. These clusters provide model systems for metal ion solvation processes and metal-ligand interactions. Metal-ligand bonding underlies the vast fields of organometallic chemistry, transition metal chemistry and homogeneous catalysis. Catalytic activity, ligand displacement reactions and photochemical activity depend on the specific details of metal-ligand bonding. Likewise, metal ions are ubiquitous in chemistry and biology and weaker electrostatic interactions play a leading role in their function. In solution, metals exist in different charge states depending on the conditions, and the solvation environment strongly influences their chemistry. Many enzymes have metal ions at their active sites, and electrostatic interactions influence the selectivity for metal ion transport through cell membranes. Metal ions (e.g., Mg+, Ca+) are deposited into the earth's atmosphere by meteor ablation, resulting in a rich variety of atmospheric chemistry. Similarly, metal ions ( Mg+) have been observed in planetary atmospheres and in the impact of the comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter. In various circumstances, the electrostatic interactions of metal ions determine the outcome of significant chemistry. Cluster chemistry has made significant contributions to the understanding of these stronger metal ligand interactions and weaker metal ion solvation interactions. In this volume, the authors explore a variety of work in these general areas, where new cluster science techniques in the gas phase have made it possible to synthesize new kinds of complexes with metals and to measure their properties in detail.
Providing an exhaustive review of this topic, Inorganic Mass Spectrometry: Principles and Applications provides details on all aspects of inorganic mass spectrometry, from a historical overview of the topic to the principles and functions of mass separation and ion detection systems. Offering a comprehensive treatment of inorganic mass spectrometry, topics covered include: Recent developments in instrumentation Developing analytical techniques for measurements of trace and ultratrace impurities in different materials This broad textbook in inorganic mass spectrometry, presents the most important mass spectrometric techniques used in all fields of analytical chemistry. By covering recent developments and advances in all fields of inorganic mass spectrometry, this text provides researchers and students with information to answer any questions on this topic as well as providing the basic fundamentals for understanding this potentially complex, but increasingly relevant subject.
Synthesizing specific clusters as a component of useful nanostructures or controlling them as an assembly of nanocomposites is the ultimate aim. In order to understand how to synthesize individual clusters or to investigate its properties, a variety of first-principles and empirical calculations and related computer simulations have been performed alongside numerous experiments.